{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T19:50:08Z","timestamp":1780429808328,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745366400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the prevalence of anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and their associated factors among the caregivers of children diagnosed with cancer in Oman and explore the changes in psychological outcomes over time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A multicentre, prospective, cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The National Oncology Centre of the Royal Hospital, the Sultan Qaboos University Hospital and the Sultan Qaboos Comprehensive Cancer Care and Research Centre in Muscat, Oman.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Caregivers of Omani children and adolescents diagnosed with cancer at the three primary cancer referral centres in Oman.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Validated Arabic versions of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale and the Impact of Event Scale-Revised were used to screen for symptoms of anxiety, depression and PTSD, respectively. The first assessment (T1) was conducted any time within the first 3\u2009months of the child\u2019s diagnosis, while the second assessment (T2) was conducted 3\u20136 months after T1. Multivariate linear regression models were used to investigate the association between socio-demographic and clinical characteristics and average anxiety, depression and PTSD scores.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the 92 caregivers of Omani children and adolescents diagnosed with cancer, 45.7%, 53.3%, 45.7% and 68.5% exhibited state anxiety, trait anxiety, depression and PTSD at T1. Subsequently, prevalence rates of these conditions decreased to 32.6%, 42.4%, 33.7% and 55.4%, respectively, at T2. Between T1 and T2, the prevalence of state anxiety decreased significantly, as did average state anxiety and PTSD scores (p&lt;0.05). According to the univariate analysis, the child\u2019s age and awareness of their diagnosis correlated with caregiver depression scores (p&lt;0.05). Moreover, the child\u2019s gender was associated with both caregiver anxiety and depression scores (p&lt;0.05). Mothers reported significantly higher depression scores compared with other caregivers (p=0.029). At T2, the type of cancer treatment received by the child was associated with caregiver anxiety and depression scores (p&lt;0.05). At T2, a linear regression analysis showed significant positive associations between state anxiety scores and caregiver education level (\u03b2=0.196; p&lt;0.001) and between trait anxiety scores and caregiver gender (\u03b2=0.096; p=0.029). Depression scores were significantly negatively affected by the child\u2019s age at T1 (\u03b2=\u22120.572; p=0.001) and the child\u2019s gender at T2 (\u03b2=\u22120.119; p=0.018). Family income was negatively associated with caregiver PTSD scores at T2 (\u03b2=\u22120.094; p=0.049).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Caregivers of Omani children and adolescents with cancer, especially mothers, are likely to suffer from anxiety, depression or PTSD. Offering additional psychological support, such as counselling services, to the caregivers of children and adolescents diagnosed with cancer is recommended to reduce psychological distress and address potential mental health challenges in a timely manner.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-085348","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T21:15:22Z","timestamp":1745442922000},"page":"e085348","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prevalence of anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder among the caregivers of children and adolescents diagnosed with cancer in Oman: a multicentre, prospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Laila S","family":"Al-Saadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, Sultan Qaboos University College of Medicine and Health Science, Muscat, Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2899-3118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moon Fai","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, Sultan Qaboos University College of Medicine and Health Science, Muscat, Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9147-6164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hana","family":"Al Sumri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, Sultan Qaboos University College of Medicine and Health Science, Muscat, Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amal","family":"Al Sabahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Haematology Oncology, Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jalila","family":"Al Kendi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Haematology Oncology, Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nawal","family":"Al Mashaikhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Health, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2636-5596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amal","family":"Al-Fahdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sultan Qaboos Comprehensive Cancer Center, Muscat, Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6136-4081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Al-Azri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, Sultan Qaboos University College of Medicine and Health Science, Muscat, Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121600242988000_15.4.e085348.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2019.101662","article-title":"Childhood cancer: Estimating regional and global incidence","volume":"71","author":"Johnston","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025121600242988000_15.4.e085348.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaw4892"},{"key":"2025121600242988000_15.4.e085348.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zandaki D , Sultan I , et al . Pediatric oncology in the arab world. In: Al-Shamsi HO , Abu-Gheida IH , Iqbal F , eds. Cancer in the Arab World. Singapore: Springer, 2022.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-7945-2_26"},{"key":"2025121600242988000_15.4.e085348.4","unstructured":"Ministry of Health . Cancer incidence in Oman 2019 report. Muscat, Ministry of Health, 2019. 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