{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:36:21Z","timestamp":1787016981063,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732579200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["D43009340"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43009340"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000061","name":"Fogarty International Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"NHBLI","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health","award":["R01AI129812"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI129812"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health","award":["R01AI132547"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI132547"]}]},{"name":"NCI"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000056","name":"NINR","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000056","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"NIAID","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32AI070114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32AI070114"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"NIEHS","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["K24AI134990"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K24AI134990"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"NINDS","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Democratic Republic of Congo has one of the highest burdens of malaria in the world, accounting for 12.3% of malaria cases and 11.6% of malaria deaths. The country has been scaling up various malaria control interventions, but how the malaria burden and risk factors have evolved remains unclear. This study aimed to estimate the trend in the burden of malaria in different settings in Kinshasa Province and assess factors contributing to the infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From 2018 to 2022, a cohort study was conducted in three health areas in Kinshasa Province known to have varying malaria endemicities: Voix du Peuple (urban), Kimpoko (peri-urban), and Bu (rural) health areas in Kinshasa Province. Participants 6 months of age and older were recruited and followed biannually through household visits and encouraged to visit study health centres whenever they felt ill. The participants\u2019 sociodemographic data, illness history and access to malaria interventions were collected along with blood specimens. During the same study period, mosquitoes and larvae were collected to study entomological characteristics that may contribute to malaria transmission.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 1635 participants were recruited from 239 households. The median number of participants per household was 6 (IQR, 5\u20139). Over half (54.7%) of the participants were female, 14.6% were under-5 children, and 33.3% were 5\u201314 years old. Household net ownership and reported use the previous night were 77.8% and 79.1%, respectively. Overall, malaria prevalence by rapid diagnostic test at baseline was 33.4%. Of the recruited participants, 1390 (85%) completed the 4 years of follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Future plans<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Planned analyses include calculating malaria prevalence and incidence trends at follow-up as well as risk factors for infection. Continued analyses will link epidemiological and entomological data to understand malaria transmission evolution and the sustained high prevalence of malaria over time in various settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-085360","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]],"date-time":"2024-11-28T04:31:17Z","timestamp":1732768277000},"page":"e085360","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Baseline characteristics for phase II of the Kinshasa Malaria Cohort Study: cohort profile"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3871-1751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melchior Mwandagalirwa","family":"Kashamuka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Heath, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo"},{"name":"Global and Public Health, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9219-2852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristin","family":"Banek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University Celia Scott Weatherhead School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel J","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph Losoma","family":"Atibu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Heath, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2046-5836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nono M","family":"Mvuama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Heath, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph Alexandre Mavungu","family":"Bala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Heath, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tommy Mambulu","family":"Nseka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programme National de Lutte Contre Paludisme, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georges","family":"Kihuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Heath, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alpha Oumar","family":"Diallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marthe","family":"Nkalani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Heath, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georges Emo","family":"Mahilu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Heath, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faustin","family":"Manenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Heath, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2933-427X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Goel","family":"Varun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabien","family":"Vulu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pitshou Nsongo","family":"Mampuya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of 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R\u00e9publique D\u00e9mocratique du Congo; 2019."},{"key":"2025121605005670000_14.11.e085360.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed6030157","article-title":"Knowledge of Antimalarials and Health Seeking Behaviour of Households in Case of Suspected Malaria in Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"6","author":"Ntamabyaliro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025121605005670000_14.11.e085360.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0134061","article-title":"School-Age Children Are a Reservoir of Malaria Infection in Malawi","volume":"10","author":"Walldorf","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2025121605005670000_14.11.e085360.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1499","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30325-9","article-title":"Preventive malaria treatment among school-aged children in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analyses","volume":"8","author":"Cohee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2025121605005670000_14.11.e085360.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-023-04528-z","article-title":"The diversity of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from asymptomatic and symptomatic school-age children in Kinshasa Province, Democratic Republic of Congo","volume":"22","author":"Simpson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"2025121605005670000_14.11.e085360.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-535","article-title":"Dynamics of malaria transmission and susceptibility to clinical malaria episodes following treatment of Plasmodium falciparum asymptomatic carriers: results of a cluster-randomized study of community-wide screening and treatment, and a parallel entomology study","volume":"13","author":"Tiono","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025121605005670000_14.11.e085360.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-03891-z","article-title":"Urban malaria in sub-Saharan Africa: dynamic of the vectorial system and the entomological inoculation rate","volume":"20","author":"Doumbe-Belisse","year":"2021","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"2025121605005670000_14.11.e085360.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1199-4","article-title":"Malaria incidence and entomological findings in an area targeted for a cluster-randomized controlled trial to prevent malaria in Ethiopia: results from a pilot study","volume":"15","author":"Gari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"2025121605005670000_14.11.e085360.16","unstructured":"SDG . 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