{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]],"date-time":"2025-12-14T17:27:59Z","timestamp":1765733279345,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727654400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":29,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Senior dental students are more aware of the harmful effects of cariogenic snacks and are expected to better watch their diet compared with freshmen dental students. This study aimed to compare the frequency of consumption of cariogenic snacks by senior and freshmen dental students of Tehran city and the related factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional study evaluated the senior and freshmen dental students attending dental schools in Tehran in 2018, who were selected by census sampling. A cariogenic snack record form was used to collect information regarding the frequency of consumption of cariogenic snacks both prospectively (within the upcoming week) and retrospectively (previous 24 hours). We also collected information on the demographic characteristics of the participants. The plaque-producing and decay-producing potential of the diet (PAP) index was calculated for each dental student. Data were analysed by the backward regression model using SPSS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 294 dental students with a mean age of 22\u00b12.85 years participated in this study. The mean PAP score was 76.48\u00b149.91 for the freshmen and 89.87\u00b149.41 for the senior dental students with a significant difference between them (p=0.023). Older dental students (p=0.008) and those not living with their parents (p=0.001) acquired a higher PAP score.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The mean PAP score of freshmen and senior dental students in Tehran was slightly higher than the optimal level. So the instructional techniques of dental curricula are better to be revised to improve the performance of dental students to cut down the consumption of cariogenic snacks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-086041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T22:40:15Z","timestamp":1727736015000},"page":"e086041","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of frequency of consumption of cariogenic snacks by freshmen versus the senior dental students in Tehran and the related factors: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7734-3712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahdia","family":"Gholami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Community Oral Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simin Z","family":"Mohebbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Community Oral Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Milad","family":"Mafakheri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Community Oral Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Houra","family":"Shahhosseini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Restorative Dentistry, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121409230917000_14.9.e086041.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32279-7"},{"key":"2025121409230917000_14.9.e086041.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cden.2010.03.004","article-title":"The Chemistry of Caries: Remineralization and Demineralization Events with Direct Clinical Relevance","volume":"54","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Cabezas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dent Clin North Am"},{"key":"2025121409230917000_14.9.e086041.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034515616572"},{"key":"2025121409230917000_14.9.e086041.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034515590377"},{"key":"2025121409230917000_14.9.e086041.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-863"},{"key":"2025121409230917000_14.9.e086041.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S136898001400113X"},{"key":"2025121409230917000_14.9.e086041.7","unstructured":"Rigassio Radler D . Nutrition for oral and dental health. In: Mahan LK , Raymond JL , eds. Krause\u2019s Food & the Nutrition Care Process. 14th edn. Elsevier: St Louis, 2017: 468\u201377."},{"key":"2025121409230917000_14.9.e086041.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15224833","article-title":"Dietary Habits and Oral Hygiene as Determinants of the Incidence and Intensity of Dental Caries-A Pilot Study","volume":"15","author":"Mazurkiewicz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2025121409230917000_14.9.e086041.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0722.2003.00056.x"},{"key":"2025121409230917000_14.9.e086041.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-7325.2012.00376.x","article-title":"The associations between dietary intakes from 36 to 60 months of age and primary dentition non-cavitated caries and cavitated caries","volume":"75","author":"Chankanka","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Public Health Dent"},{"key":"2025121409230917000_14.9.e086041.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034518788283","article-title":"Effects of Starch on Oral Health: Systematic Review to Inform WHO Guideline","volume":"98","author":"Halvorsrud","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"2025121409230917000_14.9.e086041.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082711","article-title":"The Impact of Carbohydrate Quality on Dental Plaque pH: Does the Glycemic Index of Starchy Foods Matter for Dental Health?","volume":"13","author":"Atkinson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2025121409230917000_14.9.e086041.13","unstructured":"Daly B , Batchelor P , Treasure E . Essential dental public health. n.d. Available: https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/book\/41783"},{"key":"2025121409230917000_14.9.e086041.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15020265","article-title":"High Added Sugars Intake among US Adults: Characteristics, Eating Occasions, and Top Sources, 2015-2018","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2025121409230917000_14.9.e086041.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2018.08.001","article-title":"Body fat, metabolic syndrome and hyperglycemia in South Asians","volume":"32","author":"Misra","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complications"},{"key":"2025121409230917000_14.9.e086041.16","unstructured":"Joint WH . Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases. Report of a joint WHO\/FAO expert consultation. WHO technical report series 916. 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