{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T20:35:54Z","timestamp":1793392554773,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,18]],"date-time":"2024-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726617600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"\n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n This study was conducted to assess the prevalence of tobacco use, secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure and knowledge about SHS and third-hand smoke (THS) exposure among students in a medical college in Western Nepal.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design<\/jats:title>\n This is a cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Setting<\/jats:title>\n Data collection was done from 8 July 2023 to 8 August 2023 in a medical college in Nepal.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Participants<\/jats:title>\n This study was conducted on undergraduate students studying in a medical college in Western Nepal using a census (whole population) sampling technique.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n \n Prevalence of tobacco use was assessed by asking a question, \u2018Did you use tobacco products within the last 30 days?\u2019. Secondhand smoke exposure and knowledge about SHS and THS exposure were assessed by using structured questionnaires. The \u03c7\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n test was used to compare the group exposed and non-exposed to tobacco, SHS and THS by sociodemographic variables (sex, residence, year of study and academic stream).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n The response rate was 96.43% (n=595\/617). The overall prevalence of tobacco use was found to be 16.30%. A total of 88.83% of students from clinical years knew about SHS which was more than preclinical students (p <0.001). The Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery students have higher knowledge of SHS as compared with others (p =0.003). More than 95% of students favoured banning smoking in public places. Nearly half of the participants (45.45%) experienced SHS exposure in the last 7 days. More than half proportion of the clinical students knew about THS, which was higher than preclinical students and interns (p <0.001).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Tobacco use prevalence among the participants was found to be lower in comparison to other studies including medical students in several Asian countries. Despite more than three-fourths of students knowing the harmful effects of SHS exposure, almost one-half of them were exposed to SHS. The proportion of students who knew about THS exposure was comparably lower.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-086266","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]],"date-time":"2024-09-19T03:35:27Z","timestamp":1726716927000},"page":"e086266","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Tobacco use, secondhand exposure and knowledge of secondhand and third-hand smoke among medical college students in Western Nepal: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Surabhi","family":"Sagar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Dentistry, Gandaki Medical College Teaching Hospital and Research Center Pvt Ltd, Pokhara, Kaski, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dikshya","family":"Bhattarai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Dentistry, Gandaki Medical College Teaching Hospital and Research Center Pvt Ltd, Pokhara, Kaski, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Srijana","family":"Ghimire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Dentistry, Gandaki Medical College Teaching Hospital and Research Center Pvt Ltd, Pokhara, Kaski, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Apeksha","family":"Bhattarai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Dentistry, Gandaki Medical College Teaching Hospital and Research Center Pvt Ltd, Pokhara, Kaski, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anupa","family":"Wagle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Dentistry, Gandaki Medical College Teaching Hospital and Research Center Pvt Ltd, Pokhara, Kaski, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5409-1751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krishna","family":"Subedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Dentistry, Gandaki Medical College Teaching Hospital and Research Center Pvt Ltd, Pokhara, Kaski, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121407152917000_14.9.e086266.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(20)30390-4","article-title":"Prevalence and trends in tobacco use among adolescents aged 13-15 years in 143 countries, 1999-2018: findings from the Global Youth Tobacco Surveys","volume":"5","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"2025121407152917000_14.9.e086266.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-021-00350-4","article-title":"Assessing secondhand and thirdhand tobacco smoke exposure in Canadian infants using questionnaires, biomarkers, and machine learning","volume":"32","author":"Parks","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025121407152917000_14.9.e086266.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10070363","article-title":"Indoor Secondary Pollutants Cannot Be Ignored: Third-Hand Smoke","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"2025121407152917000_14.9.e086266.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17093212","article-title":"Influence of Second-Hand Smoke and Prenatal Tobacco Smoke Exposure on Biomarkers, Genetics and Physiological Processes in Children-An Overview in Research Insights of the Last Few Years","volume":"17","author":"Braun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2025121407152917000_14.9.e086266.5","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) . 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