{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T07:10:28Z","timestamp":1787987428203,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,8]],"date-time":"2024-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731024000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sci-Tech Plan Project of Wenzhou, China","award":["Y20220295"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y20220295"]}]},{"name":"Sci-Tech Plan Project of Wenzhou, China","award":["Y2023520"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y2023520"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present study aimed to evaluate whether body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage (BFP) could be used to predict pregnancy outcomes in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Wenzhou Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital (Zhejiang Province, China). Clinical data were collected from electronic medical records.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data from 683 patients with GDM admitted to the Wenzhou Medical University Affiliated Second Hospital between January 2019 and December 2021 were retrospectively analysed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pregnancy outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results showed that pregnant women with BFP \u226533% were more prone to abnormal amniotic fluid volume, abnormal blood pressure and anaemia (p&lt;0.05). Additionally, these patients were more likely to experience postpartum haemorrhage and macrosomia, as well as risk factors associated with caesarean section at labour (p&lt;0.05). BMI exhibited a strong predictive value for abnormal blood pressure (OR 1.170; 95% CI 1.090 to 1.275), anaemia (OR 1.073; 95% CI 1.016 to 1.134), caesarean section (OR 1.150; 95% CI 1.096 to 1.208) and macrosomia (OR 1.169; 95% CI 1.063 to 1.285). Additionally, classified BFP had a predictive value for abnormal amniotic fluid volume (OR 3.196; 95% CI 1.294 to 7.894), abnormal blood pressure (OR 2.321; 95% CI 1.186 to 4.545), anaemia (OR 1.817; 95% CI 1.216 to 2.714), and caesarean section (OR 1.734; 95% CI 1.270 to 2.367).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results suggest that patients with GDM with BFP \u226533% were more likely to experience unfavourable pregnancy outcomes, undergo caesarean section and develop macrosomia. The combination of BMI with classified BFP could better predict abnormal blood pressure and caesarean section in patients with GDM during the middle and late stages of pregnancy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-086703","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,9]],"date-time":"2024-11-09T04:50:27Z","timestamp":1731127827000},"page":"e086703","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Combination of body mass index and body fat percentage in middle and late pregnancy to predict pregnancy outcomes in patients with gestational diabetes in Wenzhou, China: a single-centre retrospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Bingru","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nutrition, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lanxi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology, WenZhou Medical University Affiliated Taizhou Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiner","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nutrition, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nutrition, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yilin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mathematics and Statistics, York University Norman Bethune College, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4252-6963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuoru","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121600491254000_14.11.e086703.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-018-1040-2","article-title":"Ethnic Disparities in Gestational Diabetes","volume":"18","author":"Yuen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"key":"2025121600491254000_14.11.e086703.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2021.0335","article-title":"Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Diagnostic Approaches and Maternal-Offspring Complications","volume":"46","author":"Moon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab J"},{"key":"2025121600491254000_14.11.e086703.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2015.213","article-title":"Adolescent self-control behavior predicts body weight through the life course: a prospective birth cohort study","volume":"40","author":"Koike","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"2025121600491254000_14.11.e086703.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1097\/MBP.0000000000000273","article-title":"The relationship between body adiposity index and pregnancy-induced hypertension in third-trimester pregnant women","volume":"22","author":"Shao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood Press Monit"},{"key":"2025121600491254000_14.11.e086703.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-2634","article-title":"Glucose Intolerance in Pregnancy and Offspring Obesity in Late Adolescence","volume":"45","author":"Bendor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2025121600491254000_14.11.e086703.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2018.09.004"},{"key":"2025121600491254000_14.11.e086703.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2019.303990"},{"key":"2025121600491254000_14.11.e086703.8","first-page":"600","article-title":"Maternal nutrition & low birth weight - what is really important?","volume":"130","author":"Muthayya","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"2025121600491254000_14.11.e086703.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-2559a"},{"key":"2025121600491254000_14.11.e086703.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.12202","article-title":"Correlation between pre\u2010pregnancy body mass index and maternal visceral adiposity with fetal biometry during the second trimester","volume":"138","author":"Lopes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"2025121600491254000_14.11.e086703.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e32830b5f23"},{"key":"2025121600491254000_14.11.e086703.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2824","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2016.1265929","article-title":"Longitudinal changes and correlations of bioimpedance and anthropometric measurements in pregnancy: Simple possible bed-side tools to assess pregnancy evolution","volume":"30","author":"Piuri","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"2025121600491254000_14.11.e086703.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-013-0154-1"},{"key":"2025121600491254000_14.11.e086703.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2021.08.002","article-title":"A risk-prediction model using parameters of maternal body composition to identify gestational diabetes mellitus in early pregnancy","volume":"45","author":"Cremona","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Nutr ESPEN"},{"key":"2025121600491254000_14.11.e086703.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1111\/ajo.12398","article-title":"Alterations in energy homeostasis to favour adipose tissue gain: A longitudinal study in healthy pregnant women","volume":"56","author":"Abeysekera","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aust NZ J Obst Gynaeco"},{"key":"2025121600491254000_14.11.e086703.16","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Association of Maternal Body Composition and Dietary Intake with the Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus during the Second Trimester in a Cohort of Chinese Pregnant Women","volume":"29","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed Environ Sci"},{"key":"2025121600491254000_14.11.e086703.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orcp.2021.07.005","article-title":"The association of general obesity, central obesity and visceral body fat with the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Alwash","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"2025121600491254000_14.11.e086703.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.12240","article-title":"Effects of body mass index and body fat percentage on gestational complications and outcomes","volume":"40","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Res"},{"key":"2025121600491254000_14.11.e086703.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000176061"},{"key":"2025121600491254000_14.11.e086703.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2014.40"},{"key":"2025121600491254000_14.11.e086703.21","first-page":"17","article-title":"Association between Body Fat and Elevated Blood Pressure among Children and Adolescents Aged 7-17 Years: Using Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) and Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) from a Cross-Sectional Study in China","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2025121600491254000_14.11.e086703.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00900.2003"},{"key":"2025121600491254000_14.11.e086703.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-022-04920-8","article-title":"Influence of overweight and obesity on perinatal outcomes in assisted reproduction: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"22","author":"Dornelles","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"2025121600491254000_14.11.e086703.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.04.002","article-title":"Sleep behavior and chronotype before and throughout pregnancy","volume":"94","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"2025121600491254000_14.11.e086703.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-1786"},{"key":"2025121600491254000_14.11.e086703.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4097\/kja.21209"},{"key":"2025121600491254000_14.11.e086703.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2367","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S245155","article-title":"The Body Composition in Early Pregnancy is Associated with the Risk of Development of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Late During the Second Trimester","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"key":"2025121600491254000_14.11.e086703.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22880","article-title":"Change in Weight, BMI, and Body Composition in a Population\u2010Based Intervention Versus Genetic\u2010Based Intervention: The NOW Trial","volume":"28","author":"Horne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"2025121600491254000_14.11.e086703.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0183934","article-title":"Prevalence of overweight, obesity, abdominal obesity and obesity-related risk factors in southern China","volume":"12","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025121600491254000_14.11.e086703.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ18-0252","article-title":"Association of the muscle\/fat mass ratio with insulin resistance in gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"66","author":"Kawanabe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"key":"2025121600491254000_14.11.e086703.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2011.36"},{"key":"2025121600491254000_14.11.e086703.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182010740","article-title":"Effects of a Low-Carbohydrate High-Fat Diet Combined with High-Intensity Interval Training on Body Composition and Maximal Oxygen Uptake: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"18","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2025121600491254000_14.11.e086703.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2017.06.003","article-title":"Maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index, gestational weight gain influence birth weight","volume":"31","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Women Birth"},{"key":"2025121600491254000_14.11.e086703.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-0039"},{"key":"2025121600491254000_14.11.e086703.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3549","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2019.1578746","article-title":"Large for gestational age and macrosomia in pregnancies without gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"33","author":"Hua","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"2025121600491254000_14.11.e086703.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2016.1189527"},{"key":"2025121600491254000_14.11.e086703.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114500000155"},{"key":"2025121600491254000_14.11.e086703.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/3128767","article-title":"Reproducibility of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis in Pregnancy and the Association of Body Composition with the Risk of Gestational Diabetes: A Substudy of MUMS Cohort","volume":"2020","author":"Bai","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Obes"},{"key":"2025121600491254000_14.11.e086703.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.29128"},{"key":"2025121600491254000_14.11.e086703.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyy291","article-title":"Prospective associations of maternal choline status with offspring body composition in the first 5 years of life in two large mother-offspring cohorts: the Southampton Women\u2019s Survey cohort and the Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes cohort","volume":"48","author":"van Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025121600491254000_14.11.e086703.41","article-title":"Offspring body size and metabolic profile - effects of lifestyle intervention in obese pregnant women","volume":"61","author":"Tanvig","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dan Med J"},{"key":"2025121600491254000_14.11.e086703.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2018.07.008"},{"key":"2025121600491254000_14.11.e086703.43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.08.010","article-title":"A retrospective comparative study of antenatal healthy lifestyle service interventions for women with a raised body mass index","volume":"37","author":"Fair","year":"2024","journal-title":"Wom Birth"},{"key":"2025121600491254000_14.11.e086703.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.15661"},{"key":"2025121600491254000_14.11.e086703.45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002744","article-title":"Maternal body mass index, gestational weight gain, and the risk of overweight and obesity across childhood: An individual participant data meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Voerman","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2025121600491254000_14.11.e086703.46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-44217-0","article-title":"Similarities and discrepancies between commercially available bioelectrical impedance analysis system and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for body composition assessment in 10-14-year-old children","volume":"13","author":"Ohara","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2025121600491254000_14.11.e086703.47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1177\/1753495X17754149","article-title":"Visceral fat mass as a novel risk factor for predicting gestational diabetes in obese pregnant women","volume":"11","author":"Balani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obstet Med"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-086703","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T08:49:26Z","timestamp":1765874966000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-086703"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-086703"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-086703","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}}}