{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T00:40:09Z","timestamp":1760834409183,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]],"date-time":"2025-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742947200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"\n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n To establish whether sports-branded screening is effective in identifying adults at risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD); to determine whether the public would engage with sports-branded health screening and what their experiences were.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design<\/jats:title>\n Convergent parallel mixed methods.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Setting<\/jats:title>\n Mass screening at Liverpool Football Club Foundation events at four community centres.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Participants<\/jats:title>\n 100 participants (mean age 46.6 years (SD 14.7), range 20\u201384 years) were recruited, and their risk factors were identified. Of these, 62 were screened for their SCORE 2 CVD risk. Men and women were equally represented. Participants were predominantly white British (93%).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Interventions<\/jats:title>\n A dedicated screening area was established at each venue. Data to calculate SCORE 2\/OP risk scores were captured (gender, smoking status, age, blood pressure and lipids). Additional risk factors (glucose, incident atrial fibrillation and body mass index (BMI)) were measured to assess wider heart health. A purposive sample of 12 participants participated in a semistructured, one-to-one audio recorded interview about their experience.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Primary and secondary outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n Outcomes were the SCORE 2 and SCORE 2\/OP risk tool; ability to recruit participants and whether sports-branded screening was acceptable to participants.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Participants ranged from 20 to 84 years with a mean age of 46.6 years. Men and women were equally represented. Participants were predominantly white British, with 41% and 40% recording a higher than normal total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level, respectively, and 36% recording lower than normal LDL-C level. 20% of participants recorded a blood pressure greater than 140\/90\u2009mm Hg and 21% of participants were smokers. Mean BMI was 29, ranging from 17.8 to 51, with 70% of the participants classified as overweight or obese. CVD risk ranged from <1%\u2009to 15%. 21 participants had a 10-year risk of fatal and non-fatal CVD events greater than the estimated risk for their age. Participants reported that they would not have organised a GP health check or had struggled to book a GP appointment and found mass testing to be convenient, quick and easy.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Sports-affiliated branding was well received and identified a significant number of people with high 10-year risk of CVD plus additional risk factors. All participants interviewed spoke positively about the experience. Immediately providing results, alongside individualised health promotion, allowed participants to understand their risk of CVD and the need for a change of lifestyle.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-087974","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]],"date-time":"2025-03-26T10:20:29Z","timestamp":1742984429000},"page":"e087974","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Is sports-branded screening effective in identifying adults at greatest risk of developing cardiovascular disease: a convergent parallel mixed-methods design to identify adults at greatest risk of developing cardiovascular disease using an opportunistic sports-branded health screening approach in the community"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3081-0069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian David","family":"Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing and Advanced Practice, Faculty of Health, Innovation, Technology, and Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK"},{"name":"Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2713-516X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deborah","family":"Fitzsimmons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing and Advanced Practice, Faculty of Health, Innovation, Technology, and Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Massirfufulay Kpehe","family":"Musa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing and Advanced Practice, Faculty of Health, Innovation, Technology, and Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Carroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool Football Club Foundation, Liverpool Football Club, Liverpool, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emma Johnston","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing and Advanced Practice, Faculty of Health, Innovation, Technology, and Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Clowes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing and Advanced Practice, Faculty of Health, Innovation, Technology, and Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jess","family":"Carr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool Football Club Foundation, Liverpool Football Club, Liverpool, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Fulstow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool Football Club Foundation, Liverpool Football Club, Liverpool, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Yates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing and Advanced Practice, Faculty of Health, Innovation, Technology, and Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, Merseyside, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7566-1626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory Y H","family":"Lip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Merseyside, UK"},{"name":"Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, North Denmark Region, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025101814182957000_15.3.e087974.1","unstructured":"World Health Organisation . World Health statistics: monitoring health for the SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals), 2020. Available: https:\/\/digitalcommons.fiu.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1547&context=srhreports"},{"key":"2025101814182957000_15.3.e087974.2","unstructured":"British Heart Foundation . UK Factsheet, 2024. Available: www.bhf.org.uk\/-\/media\/files\/for-professionals\/research\/heart-statistics\/bhf-cvd-statistics-uk-factsheet.pdf"},{"key":"2025101814182957000_15.3.e087974.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab484"},{"key":"2025101814182957000_15.3.e087974.4","article-title":"Systematic versus opportunistic risk assessment for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease","volume":"2016","author":"Dyakova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2025101814182957000_15.3.e087974.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw106"},{"key":"2025101814182957000_15.3.e087974.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.05.050"},{"key":"2025101814182957000_15.3.e087974.7","article-title":"General health checks in adults for reducing morbidity and mortality from disease","volume":"1","author":"Krogsb\u00f8ll","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2025101814182957000_15.3.e087974.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-10-1"},{"key":"2025101814182957000_15.3.e087974.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0245889","article-title":"Trans and gender diverse people\u2019s experiences of healthcare access in Australia: A qualitative study in people with complex needs","volume":"16","author":"Haire","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025101814182957000_15.3.e087974.10","first-page":"1616","article-title":"Opportunistic Screening for Hypertension and Selected Cardiovascular Risk Factors among Adults Attending a Primary Health Center in Puducherry, India","volume":"5","author":"Majumdar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Prev Med"},{"key":"2025101814182957000_15.3.e087974.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115232","article-title":"Exploring the conceptualization, operationalization, implementation, and measurement of outreach in community settings with hard-to-reach and hidden populations: A scoping review","volume":"309","author":"Jiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2025101814182957000_15.3.e087974.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1369-6513.2002.00158.x"},{"key":"2025101814182957000_15.3.e087974.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4241-8","article-title":"Strategies to improve engagement of \u201chard to reach\u201d older people in research on health promotion: a systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Liljas","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2025101814182957000_15.3.e087974.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Darko N . Engaging black and minority ethnic groups in health research: \u2018hard to reach\u2019? Demystifying the misconceptions. Bristol University Press, 2021. Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/j.ctv1s2t0g4","DOI":"10.1332\/policypress\/9781447359128.001.0001"},{"key":"2025101814182957000_15.3.e087974.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01425690220137765"},{"key":"2025101814182957000_15.3.e087974.16","unstructured":"Jones T , Newburn T . Widening Access: Improving Police Relations With Hard To Reach Groups. Home Office Research Development and Statistics Directorate Research Paper. 138, 2001. Available: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Tim-Newburn\/publication\/240417389_Widening_Access_Improving_Police_Relations_With_Hard_To_Reach_Groups\/links\/53ce769c0cf2b8e35d1496a8\/Widening-Access-Improving-Police-Relations-With-Hard-To-Reach-Groups.pdf?_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIiwicGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIn19"},{"key":"2025101814182957000_15.3.e087974.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291714000129"},{"key":"2025101814182957000_15.3.e087974.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31612-X","article-title":"The Lancet Commission on global mental health and sustainable development","volume":"392","author":"Patel","year":"1015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025101814182957000_15.3.e087974.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2017.10.001","article-title":"Access to routine care and risks for 30-day readmission in patients with cardiovascular disease","volume":"196","author":"Dupre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"2025101814182957000_15.3.e087974.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5210\/ojphi.v4i3.4321","article-title":"Towards an effective health interventions design: an extension of the health belief model","volume":"4","author":"Orji","year":"2012","journal-title":"Online J Public Health Inform"},{"key":"2025101814182957000_15.3.e087974.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5964\/ejop.v16i3.3107"},{"key":"2025101814182957000_15.3.e087974.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.4103\/ijnmr.IJNMR_94_17","article-title":"Transtheoretical Model of Health Behavioral Change: A Systematic Review","volume":"24","author":"Hashemzadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res"},{"key":"2025101814182957000_15.3.e087974.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/109019817400200407"},{"key":"2025101814182957000_15.3.e087974.24","unstructured":"Champion VL , Skinner CS . The health belief model. In: Glanz K , Rimer BK , Viswanath K , eds. Health behavior and health education: theory, research, and practice. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 2008: 45\u201365."},{"key":"2025101814182957000_15.3.e087974.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10410236.2013.873363"},{"key":"2025101814182957000_15.3.e087974.26","unstructured":"American Marketing Association . Definitions of Marketing, Available: https:\/\/www.ama.org\/the-definition-of-marketing-what-is-marketing\/"},{"key":"2025101814182957000_15.3.e087974.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/319618"},{"key":"2025101814182957000_15.3.e087974.28","unstructured":"Liverpool Football Club Foundation . LFC Foundation Impact Report, 2022. Available: https:\/\/www.efdn.org\/blog\/resource\/liverpool-fc-foundation-impact-report-2022-2023\/"},{"key":"2025101814182957000_15.3.e087974.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1108\/SC-09-2022-0041","article-title":"County Lines and the power of the badge: the LFC Foundation\u2019s approach to youth intervention","volume":"22","author":"Hargreaves","year":"2023","journal-title":"SC"},{"key":"2025101814182957000_15.3.e087974.30","unstructured":"Creswell JW , Clark VLP . Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2017."},{"key":"2025101814182957000_15.3.e087974.31","first-page":"119","article-title":"A Convergent Parallel Mixed-Methods Study of Controversial Issues in Social Studies Classes: A Clash of Ideologies","volume":"18","author":"Demir","year":"2018","journal-title":"Edu SciTheory Prac"},{"key":"2025101814182957000_15.3.e087974.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1080\/14780887.2020.1769238","article-title":"One size fits all? What counts as quality practice in (reflexive) thematic analysis?","volume":"18","author":"Braun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Qual Res Psychol"},{"key":"2025101814182957000_15.3.e087974.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/J.JVCA.2021.09.033"},{"key":"2025101814182957000_15.3.e087974.34","unstructured":"BIHS . Blood Pressure Measurement, Available: https:\/\/bihsoc.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/BP-Measurement-Poster-Manual-2017.pdf"},{"key":"2025101814182957000_15.3.e087974.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2296-15-113","article-title":"The diagnostic accuracy of the MyDiagnostick to detect atrial fibrillation in primary care","volume":"15","author":"Vaes","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Fam Pract"},{"key":"2025101814182957000_15.3.e087974.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euu057"},{"key":"2025101814182957000_15.3.e087974.37","unstructured":"NICE . How should I confirm if a person is overweight or obese, 2023. Available: https:\/\/cks.nice.org.uk\/topics\/obesity\/diagnosis\/identification-classification"},{"key":"2025101814182957000_15.3.e087974.38","unstructured":"Ritchie J , Lewis J , Nicholls CM , et al . Qualitative research practice. London: sage, 2003."},{"key":"2025101814182957000_15.3.e087974.39","unstructured":"NICE . Lipid modification - CVD prevention, 2024. Available: https:\/\/cks.nice.org.uk\/topics\/lipid-modification-cvd-prevention"},{"key":"2025101814182957000_15.3.e087974.40","unstructured":"NHS England . Health Survey for England, 2021 part 2, 2023. Available: https:\/\/digital.nhs.uk\/data-and-information\/publications\/statistical\/health-survey-for-england\/2021-part-2\/adult-health-hypertension"},{"key":"2025101814182957000_15.3.e087974.41","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics (ONS) . Adult smoking habits in the UK, 2022. Available: https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/healthandsocialcare\/healthandlifeexpectancies\/bulletins\/adultsmokinghabitsingreatbritain\/2022\/pdf#:~:text=A%20higher%20proportion%20of%20men,women%20(7.9%25)%20in%202022.&text=The%20total%20proportion%20of%20young,in%202021%20(Figure%209)"},{"key":"2025101814182957000_15.3.e087974.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00460.2021"},{"key":"2025101814182957000_15.3.e087974.43","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics (ONS) . Use of e-cigarettes (vapes) among adults in Great Britain, 2023. Available: https:\/\/ash.org.uk\/uploads\/Use-of-e-cigarettes-among-adults-in-Great-Britain-2023.pdf?v=1691058248"},{"key":"2025101814182957000_15.3.e087974.44","unstructured":"Public Health England . Atrial Fibrillation Prevalence Estimates for Local Populations, 2020. Available: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/atrial-fibrillation-prevalence-estimates-for-local-populations"},{"key":"2025101814182957000_15.3.e087974.45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2021.100104","article-title":"Investigating the delivery of health improvement interventions through professional football club community trusts-strengths and challenges","volume":"2","author":"Pringle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Public Health Pract (Oxf)"},{"key":"2025101814182957000_15.3.e087974.46","unstructured":"Pattoni L . Strengths-based approaches for working with individuals, 2012. Available: https:\/\/www.iriss.org.uk\/resources\/insights\/strengths-based-approaches-working-individuals"},{"key":"2025101814182957000_15.3.e087974.47","unstructured":"NHS England . Working in partnership with people and communities: statutory guidance, 2022. Available: https:\/\/www.england.nhs.uk\/long-read\/working-in-partnership-with-people-and-communities-statutory-guidance\/"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-087974","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T21:18:40Z","timestamp":1760822320000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-087974"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-087974"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-087974","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2044-6055"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2044-6055"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}}}