{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T12:17:17Z","timestamp":1793276237427,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]],"date-time":"2025-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741132800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Longgang Medical Discipline Construction Fund (Key Medical Discipline in Longgang District) and the Longgang District Science and Technology Plan","award":["No.LGKCYLWS2022003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.LGKCYLWS2022003"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Key Medical Discipline Construction Fund","award":["No.SZXK039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.SZXK039"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to systematically evaluate published predictive models for dental caries in children and adolescents.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data sources<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Comprehensive searches were conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Database, China Science and Technology Journal Database (VIP) and SinoMed for relevant studies published up to 18 January 2024. The search focused on caries prediction models in children and adolescents.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Eligibility criteria<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eligible studies included observational research (cohort, case\u2013control and cross-sectional designs) that developed risk prediction models for dental caries in children and adolescents aged \u226418 years. Each model was required to include a minimum of two predictors. Studies were excluded if they were not available in English or Chinese, primarily focused on oral microbiome modelling, or lacked essential details regarding study design, model construction or statistical analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 11 studies were included in the review. All models demonstrated a high risk of bias, primarily due to inappropriate statistical methods and unclear applicability resulting from insufficiently detailed presentations of the models. Logistic regression, random forests and support vector machines were the most commonly employed methods. Frequently used predictors included fluoride toothpaste use and brushing frequency. Reported area under the curve (AUC) values ranged from 0.57 to 0.91. A combined predictive model incorporating six caries predictors achieved an AUC of 0.79 (95% CI: 0.73 to 0.84).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Simplified predictive models for childhood caries showed moderate discriminatory performance but exhibited a high risk of bias, as assessed using the Prediction Model Risk of Bias Assessment Tool (PROBAST). Future research should adhere to PROBAST guidelines to minimise bias risk, focus on enhancing model quality, employ rigorous study designs and prioritise external validation to ensure reliable and generalisable clinical predictions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>PROSPERO registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CRD42024523284.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-088253","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]],"date-time":"2025-03-05T18:25:31Z","timestamp":1741199131000},"page":"e088253","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Risk prediction models for dental caries in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5194-5851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xijia","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Graduate and Scientific Research, Zunyi Medical University Zhuhai Campus, Zhuhai, Guangdong, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Longgang E.N.T Hospital & Shenzhen Key Laboratory of E.N.T, Institute of E.N.T Shenzhen, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Longgang E.N.T Hospital & Shenzhen Key Laboratory of E.N.T, Institute of E.N.T Shenzhen, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huifei","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Graduate and Scientific Research, Zunyi Medical University Zhuhai Campus, Zhuhai, Guangdong, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Longgang E.N.T Hospital & Shenzhen Key Laboratory of E.N.T, Institute of E.N.T Shenzhen, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dandan","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Graduate and Scientific Research, Zunyi Medical University Zhuhai Campus, Zhuhai, Guangdong, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Longgang E.N.T Hospital & Shenzhen Key Laboratory of E.N.T, Institute of E.N.T Shenzhen, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dunhui","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Longgang E.N.T Hospital & Shenzhen Key Laboratory of E.N.T, Institute of E.N.T Shenzhen, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Graduate and Scientific Research, Zunyi Medical University Zhuhai Campus, Zhuhai, Guangdong, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Longgang E.N.T Hospital & Shenzhen Key Laboratory of E.N.T, Institute of E.N.T Shenzhen, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuqi","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Graduate and Scientific Research, Zunyi Medical University Zhuhai Campus, Zhuhai, Guangdong, People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Longgang E.N.T Hospital & Shenzhen Key Laboratory of E.N.T, Institute of E.N.T Shenzhen, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haotao","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Longgang E.N.T Hospital & Shenzhen Key Laboratory of E.N.T, Institute of E.N.T Shenzhen, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianhai","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Longgang E.N.T Hospital & Shenzhen Key Laboratory of E.N.T, Institute of E.N.T Shenzhen, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121221425085000_15.3.e088253.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-018-0585-4","article-title":"Are standardized caries risk assessment models effective in assessing actual caries status and future caries increment? 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