{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T13:40:31Z","timestamp":1793108431162,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,22]],"date-time":"2025-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740182400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":21,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["grant No.: JP20fk0108453h0001, JP21fk0108550h0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant No.: JP20fk0108453h0001, JP21fk0108550h0001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The purpose of the study is to compare the prevalence and associated risk factors of smell and\/or taste disorders depending on different virus strains in Hiroshima, Japan.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional design was used.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting and participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data were collected for all COVID-19-confirmed inpatients admitted to 27 hospitals in Hiroshima prefecture, Japan, between 8 April 2020 and 31 January 2023.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Smell and\/or taste disorders were indicated by physicians on Hiroshima prefecture COVID-19 version J-SPEED forms completed at discharge.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The COVID-19 data from this period corresponds to the following four strains: Wild-dominant, Alpha-dominant, Delta-dominant and Omicron-dominant. A total of 11 353 confirmed cases were analysed and 1261 cases (11.11%) were reported for smell and\/or taste disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Among patients with Wild-dominant, 241 out of 1141 cases (21.12%) exhibited smell and\/or taste disorders. For Alpha, 223 out of 1265 cases (17.63%), for Delta, 480 out of 1516 cases (31.66%) and for Omicron, 317 out of 7431 cases (4.27%) presented with smell and\/or taste disorders. For all four variants, age&lt;65 (Wild: adjusted odds ratio [aOR]=2.66, 95% confidence interval [CI]:1.82\u20133.88; Alpha:aOR=2.00, 95%CI:1.39\u20132.88; Delta: aOR=2.42, 95%CI:1.54\u20133.81; Omicron: aOR=1.84, 95%CI:1.40\u20132.42) were related to smell and\/or taste disorders. For the Wild and Delta variants, higher odds of reporting smell and\/or taste disorders were found among wmen (Wild:aOR=1.63, 95%CI:1.20\u20132.22; Delta: aOR=1.41, 95%CI:1.10\u2013 1.80).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The proportion of patients with smell and\/or taste disorders varied significantly depending on the virus strain. Our findings indicate that the Delta-dominant period had the highest number of patients with these disorders, while the Omicron-dominant period had the lowest. Moreover, our study identified risk factors for smell and\/or taste disorders for each variant.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-088377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,22]],"date-time":"2025-02-22T22:35:18Z","timestamp":1740263718000},"page":"e088377","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Characteristics of patients with COVID-19 and smell and\/or taste disorders depending on different virus strains: a cross-sectional study in Hiroshima, Japan"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3210-1346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yumeka","family":"Ota","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Health Policy,Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3198-835X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yui","family":"Yumiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Health Policy,Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Odgerel","family":"Chimed-Ochir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Health Policy,Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aya","family":"Hasegawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Health Policy,Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takahito","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Health Policy,Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatsuhiro","family":"Nagata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Health Policy,Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junko","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Policy Office, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroki","family":"Ohge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masao","family":"Kuwabara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hiroshima Prefectural Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hiroshima, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatsuhiko","family":"Kubo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Health Policy,Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026102705551225000_15.2.e088377.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menni C , Valdes AM , Freidin MB , et al . 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Epidemiology (Sunnyvale) 2020. doi:10.1101\/2020.04.05.20048421","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.04.05.20048421"},{"key":"2026102705551225000_15.2.e088377.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-020-04744-9"},{"key":"2026102705551225000_15.2.e088377.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2020.196","article-title":"Olfactory and gustatory dysfunction caused by SARS-CoV-2: Comparison with cases of infection with influenza and other viruses","volume":"42","author":"Nakashima","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026102705551225000_15.2.e088377.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2020.09.030","article-title":"Severe olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions in a Japanese pediatric patient with coronavirus disease (COVID-19)","volume":"27","author":"Kasuga","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Infect Chemother"},{"key":"2026102705551225000_15.2.e088377.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10050966","article-title":"Smell and Taste Loss Recovery Time in COVID-19 Patients and Disease Severity","volume":"10","author":"Printza","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2026102705551225000_15.2.e088377.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2020.1379","article-title":"Evolution of Altered Sense of Smell or Taste in Patients With Mildly Symptomatic COVID-19","volume":"146","author":"Boscolo-Rizzo","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"2026102705551225000_15.2.e088377.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2023.104688"},{"key":"2026102705551225000_15.2.e088377.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10225266","article-title":"Phantosmia, Parosmia, and Dysgeusia Are Prolonged and Late-Onset Symptoms of COVID-19","volume":"10","author":"Schambeck","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2026102705551225000_15.2.e088377.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3307","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-06575-7","article-title":"Impact of the smell loss on the quality of life and adopted coping strategies in COVID-19 patients","volume":"278","author":"Elkholi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"2026102705551225000_15.2.e088377.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256998","article-title":"Altered smell and taste: Anosmia, parosmia and the impact of long Covid-19","volume":"16","author":"Burges Watson","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2026102705551225000_15.2.e088377.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.AMJOTO.2021.103001"},{"key":"2026102705551225000_15.2.e088377.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2020.09.017"},{"key":"2026102705551225000_15.2.e088377.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.9065-21","article-title":"Multiple Types of Taste Disorders among Patients with COVID-19","volume":"61","author":"Nanjo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"key":"2026102705551225000_15.2.e088377.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2021.103068","article-title":"Characteristics of COVID-19 smell and taste dysfunction in hospitalized patients","volume":"42","author":"Husain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Otolaryngol"},{"key":"2026102705551225000_15.2.e088377.15","unstructured":"Hiroshima Prefecture COVID-19 Center for disease control and prevention . 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