{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T07:22:58Z","timestamp":1789024978851,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737590400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The peripheral vascular catheter (PVC) is the most common intravenous medical device used in hospitals, given it is crucial for the delivery of intravenous therapies. Despite its widespread use, PVC complications such as occlusion, infiltration, extravasation, phlebitis, thrombophlebitis, catheter-related thrombosis and catheter-related bloodstream infection significantly affect patient safety, leading to increased morbidity and healthcare costs. One approach to maintain PVC patency and therefore device longevity is to flush the PVC. This usually involves the use of 5 to 10 mL syringes with normal saline. The evidence on PVC flushing practices is dispersed, making it difficult to draw clear conclusions about current practices and clinical implications. A scoping review is needed to explore and synthesise this evidence systematically and to systematically map the existing research on PVC flushing by assessing the scope, methodologies and outcomes of existing studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The review will adhere to the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology, using a three-phase search strategy as recommended by JBI and covering the full-time range available in each database. Systematic searches will be conducted across Embase, Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and CINAHL; clinical trial registries; and grey literature sources to identify potentially eligible studies published up to May 2024. Following duplicate removal, 3021 records will remain for screening. Two independent reviewers will screen the records and extract data based on the review questions. The reporting will follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping reviews, with the results and discussion structured according to the Patterns, Advances, Gaps, Evidence for practice and Research recommendations framework.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ethics approval is not required for this study. The findings will be shared through professional networks, presented at conferences and published in a scientific journal.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-088912","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T00:45:35Z","timestamp":1737679535000},"page":"e088912","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Mapping existing research on flushing peripheral vascular catheters: a scoping review protocol"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4047-1188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiaxin","family":"Deng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing & Midwifery, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Orlaith","family":"Hernon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing & Midwifery, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liping","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catriona","family":"Duggan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing & Midwifery, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leo R","family":"Quinlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zina","family":"Alfahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter J","family":"Carr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing & Midwifery, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121600115600000_15.1.e088912.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1097\/NAN.0000000000000532","article-title":"Infusion Therapy Standards of Practice, 9th Edition","volume":"47","author":"Nickel","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Infus Nurs"},{"key":"2025121600115600000_15.1.e088912.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193436","article-title":"Not 'just' an intravenous line: Consumer perspectives on peripheral intravenous cannulation (PIVC). An international cross-sectional survey of 25 countries","volume":"13","author":"Cooke","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025121600115600000_15.1.e088912.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2018.06.010","article-title":"Interventions to decrease short-term peripheral venous catheter-related bloodstream infections: impact on incidence and mortality","volume":"100","author":"Saliba","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"2025121600115600000_15.1.e088912.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2023.104673","article-title":"Peripheral intravenous catheter infection and failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"151","author":"Marsh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"key":"2025121600115600000_15.1.e088912.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3441","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21617-1","article-title":"The mechanistic causes of peripheral intravenous catheter failure based on a parametric computational study","volume":"8","author":"Piper","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2025121600115600000_15.1.e088912.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e402","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(17)30145-X","article-title":"Peripheral intravenous catheter assessment: beyond phlebitis","volume":"4","author":"Rickard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol"},{"key":"2025121600115600000_15.1.e088912.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60220-8"},{"key":"2025121600115600000_15.1.e088912.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2020.105103","article-title":"Mechanism of pulsatile flushing technique for saline injection via a peripheral intravenous catheter","volume":"80","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon)"},{"key":"2025121600115600000_15.1.e088912.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1129729819877323"},{"key":"2025121600115600000_15.1.e088912.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colegn.2023.03.001","article-title":"Nurses\u2019 education, knowledge and perceptions of peripheral intravenous catheter management: A web-based, cross-sectional survey","volume":"30","author":"Massey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Collegian"},{"key":"2025121600115600000_15.1.e088912.11","first-page":"32","article-title":"Incidence of phlebitis in patients with peripheral intravenous catheters: The influence of some risk factors","volume":"30","author":"Salgueiro\u2011Oliveira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aust J Adv Nurs"},{"key":"2025121600115600000_15.1.e088912.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1097\/NAN.0000000000000311","article-title":"Pulsatile Flushing: A Review of the Literature","volume":"42","author":"Boord","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Infus Nurs"},{"key":"2025121600115600000_15.1.e088912.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1097\/XEB.0000000000000394","article-title":"Flushing and locking management related to central venous catheter occlusion rate among adult patients in acute care: a best practice implementation project","volume":"22","author":"Fan","year":"2024","journal-title":"JBI Evid Implement"},{"key":"2025121600115600000_15.1.e088912.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3593","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S418166","article-title":"Research Progress and Molecular Mechanisms of Endothelial Cells Inflammation in Vascular-Related Diseases","volume":"16","author":"Xue","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Inflamm Res"},{"key":"2025121600115600000_15.1.e088912.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0253243","article-title":"Early recognition of peripheral intravenous catheter failure using serial ultrasonographic assessments","volume":"16","author":"Bahl","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025121600115600000_15.1.e088912.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13049-016-0239-y"},{"key":"2025121600115600000_15.1.e088912.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371769","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2024.1371769","article-title":"Basal endothelial glycocalyx\u2019s response to shear stress: a review of structure, function, and clinical implications","volume":"12","author":"Vittum","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"2025121600115600000_15.1.e088912.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3781","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2022.tb00232.x","article-title":"Endothelial Glycocalyx","volume":"12","author":"Foote","year":"2022","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"key":"2025121600115600000_15.1.e088912.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1097\/NAN.0000000000000326","article-title":"Accepted but Unacceptable: Peripheral IV Catheter Failure","volume":"42","author":"Helm","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Infus Nurs"},{"key":"2025121600115600000_15.1.e088912.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parreira P , Marques I , Santos-Costa P , et al . Flushing em cateteres venosos perif\u00e9ricos: um protocolo de scoping review. Rev Enf Ref 2020;V S\u00e9rie. doi:10.12707\/RIV19066","DOI":"10.12707\/RIV19066"},{"key":"2025121600115600000_15.1.e088912.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11124\/jbies-20-00167"},{"key":"2025121600115600000_15.1.e088912.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003583","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"18","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2025121600115600000_15.1.e088912.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1080\/13645579.2021.1899596","article-title":"Scoping reviews: the pager framework for improving the quality of reporting","volume":"25","author":"Bradbury-Jones","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Soc Res Methodol"},{"key":"2025121600115600000_15.1.e088912.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.14743"},{"key":"2025121600115600000_15.1.e088912.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4300\/JGME-D-22-00621.1"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-088912","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T08:12:08Z","timestamp":1765872728000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-088912"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-088912"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-088912","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}}}