{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T23:46:29Z","timestamp":1786405589594,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]],"date-time":"2025-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739750400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this study was to estimate the total national direct cost of breast cancer screening from 2019 to 2022 and project the total national cost and average lifetime cost of screening per woman for three current guidelines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We estimated the national cost of screening from 2019 to 2022, and per cancer detected in 2022, using real-world data on the number of mammograms performed per year. We also projected the national cost of screening using life table modelling for three guidelines: 2021\/2023 American College of Radiology (ACR), 2023 American Cancer Society (ACS) and 2024 United States Preventative Services Task Force (USPSTF). The average lifetime cost to screen one woman until age 74 years with each guideline was also estimated. The Optum Labs Data Warehouse was used to estimate commercial and Medicare costs and recall rates. Sensitivity analyses were used to estimate uncertainty and determine which inputs had the largest impact on total national costs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study was conducted for the USA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Women eligible for breast cancer screening.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interventions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Digital mammograms (2D) or digital breast tomosynthesis (3D) and\/or MRI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Primary outcome measure<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Total national cost of screening calculated as the sum of screening and recall costs. Average lifetime cost of screening per woman until 74 years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nationally, screening cost approximately US$11\u2009billion (B) per year from 2019 to 2022 with approximately 37% of eligible women screened each year. In 2022, screening cost US$55\u2009471 per 3D-detected and US$44\u2009000 per 2D-detected invasive or ductal carcinoma in situ case. Using target yearly participation rates of 54%\u201378% by age of women, the projected cost of screening was US$30B for ACR, US$18B for ACS and US$8B for USPSTF guidelines. The average lifetime cost to screen an average-risk woman was: US$13\u2009416 for ACR, US$7946 for ACS and US$6931 for USPSTF. Participation rates, the proportion of women with a lifetime risk&gt;20% and commercial MRI and 3D costs had the largest impact on total costs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The cost of screening varies significantly by guideline (US$8B\u2013US$30B) and was most influenced by participation rates, high-risk population proportions and technology costs. Future work can investigate whether risk-based screening strategies being tested in ongoing clinical trials can reduce national screening costs while improving outcomes.\n                      <jats:named-content content-type=\"\">Cite Now<\/jats:named-content>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-089428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]],"date-time":"2025-02-17T17:56:23Z","timestamp":1739814983000},"page":"e089428","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["National yearly cost of breast cancer screening in the USA and projected cost of advocated guidelines: a simulation study with life table modelling"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7776-0831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kimberly","family":"Badal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Staib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optum Labs, Eden Prairie, Minnesota, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey A.","family":"Tice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mi-Ok","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Eklund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leslie","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stacey","family":"Dacosta Byfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optum Labs, Eden Prairie, Minnesota, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kierstin","family":"Catlett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optum Center for Research and Innovation, UnitedHealth Group, Minnetonka, Minnesota, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liz","family":"Maffey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optum Labs, Eden Prairie, Minnesota, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rashna","family":"Soonavala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiwey","family":"Shieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura J.","family":"Esserman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121407424151000_15.2.e089428.1","unstructured":"Services CfMM . 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