{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T23:57:45Z","timestamp":1793404665285,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747353600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Thoracic Research Center of the Tehran University of Medical Sciences","award":["59042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["59042"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01c4pz451","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In lung transplantation (LTx), a priority is assigned to each candidate on the waiting list. Our primary objective was to identify the key factors that influence the allocation of priorities in LTx using machine learning (ML) techniques to enhance the process of prioritising patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Developing a prediction model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting and participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our data were retrieved from the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) open-source database of transplant patients between 2005 and 2023.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interventions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>After the preprocessing process, a feature engineering technique was employed to select the most relevant features. Then, six ML models with optimised hyperparameters including multiple linear regression, random forest regressor (RF), support vector machine regressor, XGBoost regressor, a multilayer perceptron model and a deep learning model were developed based on the UNOS dataset.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Primary and secondary outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The performance of each model was evaluated using R-squared (R\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) and other error rate metrics. Next, the Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) technique was used to identify the most important features in the prediction.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The raw dataset contains 196\u2009270 records with 545 features in all organs. After preprocessing, 32\u2009966 records with 15 features remain. Among various models, the RF model achieved a high R\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      score. Additionally, the RF model exhibited the lowest error values, indicating its superior precision compared with other regression models. The SHAP technique in conjunction with the RF model revealed the 11 most important features for priority allocation. Subsequently, we developed a web-based decision support tool using Python and the Streamlit framework based on the best-fine-tuned model.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The deployment of the ML model has the potential to act as an automated tool to aid physicians in assessing the priority of lung transplants and identifying significant factors that play a role in patient survival.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-089796","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T10:10:15Z","timestamp":1747390215000},"page":"e089796","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Analysis of the most influential factors affecting outcomes of lung transplant recipients: a multivariate prediction model based on UNOS Data"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6781-9342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marsa","family":"Gholamzadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Information Management and Medical Informatics Department, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4982-337X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reza","family":"Safdari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Information Management and Medical Informatics Department, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0047-2616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehrnaz","family":"Asadi Gharabaghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1111-0497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamidreza","family":"Abtahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Department, Thoracic Research Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025101812524136000_15.5.e089796.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0132-2019","article-title":"Developments in lung transplantation over the past decade","volume":"29","author":"van der Mark","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Respir Rev"},{"key":"2025101812524136000_15.5.e089796.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3372","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2017.08.90","article-title":"Recipient selection process and listing for lung transplantation","volume":"9","author":"Verleden","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"key":"2025101812524136000_15.5.e089796.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1111\/tri.13262","article-title":"Lung allocation score: the Eurotransplant model versus the revised US model - 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