{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T22:00:03Z","timestamp":1780524003974,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750636800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009192","name":"Alberta Innovates","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["222301704"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["222301704"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009192","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nearly 40% of adults receiving life-saving dialysis for kidney failure report depressive symptoms. With more than 40 000 Canadians on dialysis, this is a significant health burden. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) has been shown to be effective for treating depressive symptoms; however, it is rarely considered or used for people receiving dialysis. The aim of this realist study is to evaluate and explain how, why, for whom and in what circumstances therapist-guided and remotely delivered CBT works in order to provide equitable mental healthcare to individuals with depressive symptoms receiving dialysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The project will include a realist synthesis, a quantitative cohort study and a realist evaluation. Realist methodology is a theory-driven approach that seeks to explain how generative mechanisms are shaped by contextual features, giving rise to outcome patterns. We will begin by developing an initial programme theory (IPT) from the literature and interviews with CBT therapists to understand how CBT is intended to work and for whom. We will use data from the quantitative cohort study to identify contexts that may shape outcome patterns in CBT for people receiving dialysis. This includes previously collected survey data and data from a longitudinal cohort study, both sourced from people across Canada undergoing dialysis. We will test and refine the IPT using data from a realist evaluation and existing literature. The realist evaluation will involve participants from the quantitative cohort study who received therapist-guided, remotely delivered CBT.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ethical approvals have been granted. We have planned a wide range of dissemination strategies: journal manuscripts and conference presentations, executive memos for administrators of renal programmes in Canada, an online inventory of resources for depressive symptoms and presentations of findings together with patient partners at all participating sites.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>PROSPERO registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CRD42023476184.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-090228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T14:20:20Z","timestamp":1750688420000},"page":"e090228","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Protocol for \u2018Re: CBT Dialysis\u2019: a realist evaluation\u2014why, for whom and in what circumstances does cognitive behaviour therapy work for people with depressive symptoms receiving dialysis?"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6200-3416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kara","family":"Schick-Makaroff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8042-190X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Sawatzky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Trinity Western University, Langley, British Columbia, Canada"},{"name":"Sahlgrenska Academy, Institute of Health and Care Sciences & Centre for Person-Centered Care, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden"},{"name":"Centre for Advancing Health Outcomes, Providence Health Care, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2189-8879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanne","family":"Greenhalgh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sociology and Social Policy, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Cukor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division; Department of Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8840-4509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hubert","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8611-1056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott","family":"Klarenbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4979-6866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlotte","family":"Berendonk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loretta","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Patient Partner, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6465-0307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katrin","family":"Micklitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2141-8778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lori Suet Hang","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2337-6441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megan","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geoffrey & Robyn Sperber, Health Sciences Library, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2013.77"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfs581"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.3","unstructured":"Canadian Institute for Health Information . Annual statistics on organ replacement in Canada. Dialysis, transplantation and donation, 2010 to 2019. 2020. Available: https:\/\/www.cihi.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/document\/corr-snapshot-2019-en.pdf [Accessed 15 Jan 2022]."},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/20543581221086328","article-title":"Mental health care for adults treated with dialysis in Canada: a scoping review","volume":"9","author":"Fernandez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can J Kidney Health Dis"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41687-021-00385-z","article-title":"Burden of mental health symptoms and perceptions of their management in in-centre hemodialysis care: a mixed methods study","volume":"5","author":"Schick-Makaroff","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Patient Rep Outcomes"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.6","unstructured":"Carriere C , Escoto M , Vera S , et al . Unplugging while plugged in\u00ad\u2014a peer to peer exploration of the impacts of dialysis on the mental wellness of patients with chronic kidney disease. 2021. doi:10.11575\/PRISM\/38912"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.01120308"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2019.10.016","article-title":"Kidney supportive care: core curriculum 2020","volume":"75","author":"Gelfand","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.00890306"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.03951106"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1111\/jorc.12320","article-title":"Antidepressant usage in haemodialysis patients: evidence of sub-optimal practice patterns","volume":"46","author":"Guirguis","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Ren Care"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.07.003"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2017.07.003"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.14","unstructured":"National Institute for Clinical Excellence . Depression in adults: recognition and management. London, England: National Institute for Clinical Excellence, 2022. Available: https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng222\/chapter\/Recommendations#choice-of-treatments"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.0268","article-title":"Effectiveness and acceptability of cognitive behavior therapy delivery formats in adults with depression: a network meta-analysis","volume":"76","author":"Cuijpers","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.16","unstructured":"Canadian Agency for Drugs Technologies in Health . Internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy for major depressive disorders and anxiety disorders: recommendations. 2019. Available: https:\/\/www.cadth.ca\/internet-delivered-cognitive-behavioural-therapy-major-depressive-disorder-and-anxiety-disorders?utm_source=CONS+List&utm_campaign=bd5e5c0eeb-E_Alert_OP0533_02-04-19&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_f3b3313866-bd5e5c0eeb-263038089 [Accessed 22 Jan 2022]."},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60439-0"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000014251.87778.01"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2013.03.009"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)62004-3"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60687-X"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.05191008"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.23","article-title":"Psychosocial interventions for preventing and treating depression in dialysis patients","volume":"12","author":"Natale","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1794680","DOI":"10.1080\/23311908.2020.1794680","article-title":"Effectiveness of cognitive behaviour therapy on depression among haemodialysis patients: a systematic review of literature","volume":"7","author":"Ahmad Othman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cogent Psychol"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-02754-2","article-title":"The effects of cognitive behavioural therapy on depression and quality of life in patients with maintenance haemodialysis: a systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Ling","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2020.07.012","article-title":"Treatment of current depressive symptoms in dialysis patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"67","author":"Nadort","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1177\/0193945919857540","article-title":"Nonpharmacological interventions for depressive symptoms in end-stage renal disease: a systematic review","volume":"42","author":"Wen","year":"2020","journal-title":"West J Nurs Res"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2019.88019","article-title":"The influence of cognitive behavioral therapy on depression in dialysis patients - meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Zegarow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Med Sci"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woud ML , Hofmann SG . Changing biased interpretations in CBT: a brief history and overview. In: Woud ML , ed. Interpretational processing biases in emotional psychopathology. Springer, 2023: 229\u201345.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-23650-1_12"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dimidjian S , Dobson KS . Processes of change in cognitive therapy. In: Reinecke MA , Clark MA , eds. Cognitive therapy across the lifespan. Cambridge University Press, 2003: 477\u2013506.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139087094.020"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dozois DJA , Beck AT . Cognitive therapy. In: Herbert JD , Forman EM , eds. Acceptance and mindfulness in cognitive behavior therapy: understanding and applying the new therapies. John Wiley & Sons Inc, 2011: 26\u201356.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118001851.ch2"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2014.12.003"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1521\/pdps.2015.43.3.423","article-title":"Contemporary cognitive behavior therapy: a review of theory, history, and evidence","volume":"43","author":"Thoma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychodyn Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wampold BE , Imel ZE . The great psychotherapy debate: the evidence for what makes psychotherapy work. 2nd edn. Routledge, 2015.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203582015"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1891\/0889-8391.14.3.305"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.36","unstructured":"Dozois DJA , Dobson KS , Rnic K . Historical and philosophical bases of the cognitive behavioral therapies. In: Dobson KS , Dozois DJA , eds. Handbook of cognitive behavioral therapies. The Guilford Press, 2019: 3\u201331."},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2012111134"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-2229","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of therapies for treatment of depression for patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"170","author":"Mehrotra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(99)00045-3"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-023-03347-8","article-title":"Implications of the syntheses on definition, theory, and methods conducted by the Response Shift - in Sync Working Group","volume":"32","author":"Sprangers","year":"2023","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2015-308551"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n2061","article-title":"A new framework for developing and evaluating complex interventions: update of Medical Research Council guidance","volume":"374","author":"Skivington","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pawson R . Evidence-based policy: a realist perspective. SAGE Publications, 2006.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781849209120"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.44","unstructured":"Greenhalgh T , Pawson R , Wong G , et al . Realist evaluation, realist synthesis, realist research\u2014what's in a name? The RAMESES II Project. 2017. Available: https:\/\/www.ramesesproject.org\/media\/RAMESES_II_RE_RS_RR_whats_in_a_name.pdf [Accessed 22 Jan 2022]."},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/20543581221118436","article-title":"How are Albertans \u201cadjusting to and coping with\u201d dialysis? A cross-sectional survey","volume":"9","author":"Schick-Makaroff","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can J Kidney Health Dis"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/20406223231173624","article-title":"Electronic patient-reported outcomes in clinical kidney practice (ePRO Kidney): a process evaluation of educational support for clinicians","volume":"14","author":"Schick-Makaroff","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ther Adv Chronic Dis"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.47","unstructured":"Wong G , Greenhalgh T , Westhorp G , et al . Quality standards for realist syntheses and meta-narrative reviews. The RAMESES Project. 2014. Available: https:\/\/www.ramesesproject.org\/media\/RS_qual_standards_researchers.pdf [Accessed 11 Apr 2024]."},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.48","unstructured":"Greenhalgh T , Pawson R , Wong G , et al . Quality standards for realist evaluation: for evaluators and peer-reviewers. The RAMESES II project. 2017. Available: https:\/\/www.ramesesproject.org\/media\/RE_Quality_Standards_for_evaluators_and_peer_reviewers.pdf [Accessed 11 Apr 2024]."},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.49","unstructured":"Schick-Makaroff K , Sawatzky R , Greenhalgh J , et al . \"Re: CBT Dialysis\u201d\u2014a realist evaluation: why, for whom, in what circumstances does cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) work for people with depressive symptoms receiving dialysis? PROSPERO Registration CRD42023476184. 2023."},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1356389016638615"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.51","unstructured":"Pawson R , Tilley N . Realistic evaluation. Sage, 1997."},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2014.08.010"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.53","unstructured":"Government of Canada . Gender-based analysis plus (GBA+). 2021. Available: https:\/\/women-gender-equality.canada.ca\/en\/gender-based-analysis-plus.html [Accessed 27 Jan 2022]."},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-11-21","article-title":"RAMESES publication standards: realist syntheses","volume":"11","author":"Wong","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0193945916640765"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1159\/000508803","article-title":"Impact of medium cut-off dialyzers on patient-reported outcomes: COREXH registry","volume":"50","author":"Alarcon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood Purif"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/026921639500900306"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwarzer R , Jerusalem M . General self-efficacy scale (GSE). In: Weinman J , Wright S , Johnston M , eds. Measures in health psychology: a user\u2019s portfolio causal and control beliefs. NFER-NELSON, 1995: 35\u20137.","DOI":"10.1037\/t00393-000"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3325","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-020-02755-4","article-title":"Critical examination of current response shift methods and proposal for advancing new methods","volume":"30","author":"S\u00e9bille","year":"2021","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-004-0831-x"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.63","unstructured":"Greenhalgh T , Pawson R , Wong G , et al . Protocols and realist evaluation. In: The RAMESES II Project. 2017."},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269216315626352"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.12695","article-title":"Exposing the impact of intensive advice services on health: A realist evaluation","volume":"27","author":"Dalkin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Soc Care Community"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afx195","article-title":"Optimal healthcare delivery to care homes in the UK: a realist evaluation of what supports effective working to improve healthcare outcomes","volume":"47","author":"Gordon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2018-000812","article-title":"Adoption of paediatric and neonatal pulse oximetry by 12 hospitals in Nigeria: a mixed-methods realist evaluation","volume":"3","author":"Graham","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-016-0643-1","article-title":"RAMESES II reporting standards for realist evaluations","volume":"14","author":"Wong","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1177\/1468794119881985","article-title":"Using the realist interview approach to maintain theoretical awareness in realist studies","volume":"20","author":"Mukumbang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Qual Res"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-020-05263-w","article-title":"Shifting care from hospital to community, a strategy to integrate care in Singapore: process evaluation of implementation fidelity","volume":"20","author":"Nurjono","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/1609406919859754","article-title":"Data analysis and synthesis within a realist evaluation: toward more transparent methodological approaches","volume":"18","author":"Gilmore","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Qual Methods"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1080\/13645579.2020.1803528","article-title":"Using computer assisted qualitative data analysis software (CAQDAS; NVivo) to assist in the complex process of realist theory generation, refinement and testing","volume":"24","author":"Dalkin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Soc Res Methodol"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.73","unstructured":"Denzin NK , Lincoln YS . The SAGE handbook of qualitative research. 5th edn. Sage, 2018."},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.74","unstructured":"Thorne SE . Interpretive description: qualitative research for applied practice. 2nd edn. Routledge, 2016."},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428117744021","article-title":"Variable-centered, person-centered, and person-specific approaches: where theory meets the method","volume":"21","author":"Howard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Organ Res Methods"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.76","first-page":"S122","article-title":"Burden of mental health symptoms and perceptions of their management in hemodialysis care: a mixed methods study","volume":"29","author":"Schick-Makaroff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-020-05557-z","article-title":"A cluster randomized controlled trial for the Evaluation of routinely Measured PATient reported outcomes in HemodialYsis care (EMPATHY): a study protocol","volume":"20","author":"Johnson","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.01840220"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s41687-021-00365-3","article-title":"Patient-reported outcome measures in the care of in-centre hemodialysis patients","volume":"5","author":"Davison","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Patient Rep Outcomes"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.37526\/1526-744X.2020.47.5.465","article-title":"Use of electronic patient-reported outcomes in the care of patients with kidney failure","volume":"47","author":"Schick-Makaroff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nephrol Nurs J"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s40271-021-00530-2","article-title":"An evidence-based theory about PRO use in kidney care: a realist synthesis","volume":"15","author":"Schick-Makaroff","year":"2022","journal-title":"Patient"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bowen S , Graham ID . Integrated knowledge translation. In: Straus S , Tetroe J , Graham I , eds. Knowledge translation in health care moving from evidence to practice. John Wiley & Sons, 2013: 14\u201323.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118413555.ch02"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.83","unstructured":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research . Sex\/gender-responsive assessment scale for health research. 2021. Available: https:\/\/cihr-irsc.gc.ca\/e\/49335.html [Accessed 11 Apr 2024]."},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2000.00059.x"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-004-3919-4"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2020.12.003"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfr568"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2013.08.024"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2002.00411.x"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.619"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2009.03.007"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1159\/000452750","article-title":"The effect of depression in chronic hemodialysis patients on inpatient hospitalization outcomes","volume":"43","author":"Chan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood Purif"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.93","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Framework on integrated, people-centred health services: report by the secretariat. 2016."},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.94","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Continuity and coordination of care: a practice brief to support implementation of the WHO framework on integrated people-centred health services. 2018."},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.95","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Integrated people-centred health services (IPCHS) framework. 2022. Available: https:\/\/www.integratedcare4people.org\/ipchs-framework\/ [Accessed 27 Jan 2022]."},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii1","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czu082","article-title":"Explorations on people centredness in health systems","volume":"29 Suppl 2","author":"Sheikh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2005.08.006"},{"key":"2025121512154090000_15.6.e090228.98","unstructured":"Wong G , Westhorp G , Pawson R , et al . Realist synthesis: RAMESES training materials. 2013. Available: http:\/\/www.ramesesproject.org\/media\/Realist_reviews_training_materials.pdf [Accessed 22 Jan 2022]."}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-090228","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T20:15:57Z","timestamp":1765829757000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-090228"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-090228"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-090228","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}}}