{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T10:40:14Z","timestamp":1765881614678,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749513600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R2806CPH"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R2806CPH"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004336","name":"Novartis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NPO 6240 R8898CPH"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NPO 6240 R8898CPH"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004336","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To present older presbyopic Zanzibari craftswomen\u2019s firsthand experiences with the eyeglasses, the challenges they face in advancing their businesses and proposed solutions to these challenges.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This participatory action research used solicited diaries, where 10 craftswomen documented their experiences with presbyopia correction for 6\u2009months. The diaries were translated into English for qualitative content analysis. Researchers then held a 2-day listening workshop with 20 craftswomen to discuss the diary findings and gather their perspectives on challenges and solutions. These workshops included group discussions and debates to encourage open communication. Narrative analysis was conducted to identify the key narratives.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Zanzibar, Unguja and Pemba Islands.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Zanzibari craftswomen entrepreneurs with corrected presbyopia, 40 years and older.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Intervention<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Presbyopia near vision eyeglasses for 6 months.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study found that improved vision with eyeglasses significantly benefits craftswomen in Zanzibar. They experience increased work efficiency, quality and income. Craftswomen also reported greater independence, confidence and participation in daily activities. However, limited market access and competition restrict their income growth. Business skills training in areas like marketing and finance is seen as a solution for sustainable success.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Improved near vision was associated with enhanced productivity, financial confidence and well-being among craftswomen. However, persistent barriers\u2014including limited market access, competition and lack of business skills\u2014highlight that a vision-only approach may not address the intersectional challenges faced by older women entrepreneurs in Zanzibar. These findings suggest that integrated strategies combining vision care with business mentoring may offer more sustainable support.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-090883","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T23:25:15Z","timestamp":1749597915000},"page":"e090883","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["What is the Zanzibari craftswomen\u2019s experience on eyeglass use, business challenges and solutions? Participatory action research using solicited diaries and listening workshop narratives"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Fatma","family":"Omar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zanzibar Ministry of Health, Zanzibar, United Republic of Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bhagyalaxmi Shivalingam","family":"Pillai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Public Health, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, Faculty of Medicine Health and Life Sciences, Belfast, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Omar Juma","family":"Othman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zanzibar Ministry of Health, Zanzibar, United Republic of Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eleanor","family":"Holland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomendical Sciences, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, Faculty of Medicine Health and Life Sciences, Belfast, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eden","family":"Mashayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vision Care Foundation, Dar-es-Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kajal","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronnie","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Public Health, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, Faculty of Medicine Health and Life Sciences, Belfast, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4968-7953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ving Fai","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Public Health, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, Faculty of Medicine Health and Life Sciences, Belfast, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121602355367000_15.6.e090883.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.983423","article-title":"Potential productivity loss from uncorrected and under-corrected presbyopia in low- and middle-income countries: A life table modeling study","volume":"10","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"2025121602355367000_15.6.e090883.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30488-5"},{"key":"2025121602355367000_15.6.e090883.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e888","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30293-0","article-title":"Magnitude, temporal trends, and projections of the global prevalence of blindness and distance and near vision impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Bourne","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2025121602355367000_15.6.e090883.4","first-page":"370","article-title":"Impact of Presbyopia and Its Correction in Low- and Middle-Income Countries","volume":"7","author":"Chan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila)"},{"key":"2025121602355367000_15.6.e090883.5","unstructured":"Investing in women\u2019s eye health: Vietnamese factory workers show great results. The International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness. Available: https:\/\/www.iapb.org\/news\/investing-in-womens-eye-health-vietnamese-factory-workers-show-great-results [Accessed 20 Oct 2020]."},{"key":"2025121602355367000_15.6.e090883.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/APO.0000000000000470"},{"key":"2025121602355367000_15.6.e090883.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/APO.0000000000000485"},{"key":"2025121602355367000_15.6.e090883.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-3154"},{"key":"2025121602355367000_15.6.e090883.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2010.186890"},{"key":"2025121602355367000_15.6.e090883.10","unstructured":"Chevalier J , Buckles D . Participatory action research: theory and methods for engaged inquiry. Routledge, 2013."},{"key":"2025121602355367000_15.6.e090883.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjophth-2023-001292","article-title":"Needs and views on eye health and women\u2019s empowerment and theory of change map: implication on the development of a women-targeted eyecare programme for older Zanzibari craftswomen","volume":"9","author":"Omar","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Open Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025121602355367000_15.6.e090883.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjophth-2023-001283","article-title":"Refractive error, eye care needs and attitude towards spectacle wearing among older Zanzibari craftswomen and implications for developing women-targeted services: a cross-sectional study","volume":"8","author":"Chan","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open Ophth"},{"key":"2025121602355367000_15.6.e090883.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0286315","article-title":"How does a pair of near-vision spectacle correction empower older Zanzibari craftswomen?: A qualitative study on perception","volume":"18","author":"Martins","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025121602355367000_15.6.e090883.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjph-2023-000749","article-title":"Does electronic data collection perform better than paper-based data collection in health research fieldwork? A participatory action research in Zanzibar","volume":"2","author":"Othman","year":"2024","journal-title":"bmjph"},{"key":"2025121602355367000_15.6.e090883.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732305278603"},{"key":"2025121602355367000_15.6.e090883.16","unstructured":"Lorenzo T . Listening spaces: connecting diverse voices for social action and change. In: New approaches to qualitative research. 2010: 147\u201360."},{"key":"2025121602355367000_15.6.e090883.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12960-017-0262-8","article-title":"Improving local health through community health workers in Cambodia: challenges and solutions","volume":"16","author":"Ozano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum Resour Health"},{"key":"2025121602355367000_15.6.e090883.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2004.028662"},{"key":"2025121602355367000_15.6.e090883.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.4135\/9781849208925.n21","article-title":"Diaries and case studies. Doing development research","volume":"2006","author":"McGregor","year":"2006","journal-title":"Doing Dev Res"},{"key":"2025121602355367000_15.6.e090883.20","unstructured":"Thomas W , Znaniecki F . The polish peasant in Europe and America: monograph of an immigrant group. University of Chicago Press, 1919."},{"key":"2025121602355367000_15.6.e090883.21","unstructured":"Bolger N , Laurenceau J . Intensive longitudinal methods: an introduction to diary and experience sampling research. New York, NY: Guilford press, 2013."},{"key":"2025121602355367000_15.6.e090883.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cutamora J , Constantino R , Lapa MaMI , et al . The impact of community listening sessions on navigating life challenges and enhancing resilience in older adults. Discov Public Health 2025;22. doi:10.1186\/s12982-025-00397-w","DOI":"10.1186\/s12982-025-00397-w"},{"key":"2025121602355367000_15.6.e090883.23","first-page":"191","article-title":"Narrative analysis: exploring the whats and hows of personal stories","volume":"1","author":"Sparkes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Qual Res Heal Care"},{"key":"2025121602355367000_15.6.e090883.24","first-page":"191","article-title":"Narrative analysis: exploring the whats and hows of personal stories","volume":"1","author":"Sparkes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Qual Hesearch Heal Care"},{"key":"2025121602355367000_15.6.e090883.25","unstructured":"Riessman C . Narrative methods for the human sciences. SAGE Publications, 2008."},{"key":"2025121602355367000_15.6.e090883.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1019","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30329-2","article-title":"Effect of providing near glasses on productivity among rural Indian tea workers with presbyopia (PROSPER): a randomised trial","volume":"6","author":"Reddy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2025121602355367000_15.6.e090883.27","first-page":"4","article-title":"Near vision correction and work productivity among textile workers","volume":"75","author":"Naidoo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Afr Vision Eye Health"},{"key":"2025121602355367000_15.6.e090883.28","first-page":"6","article-title":"Near vision correction and quality of life among textile factory workers in Durban","volume":"76","author":"Chan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Afr Vision Eye Health"},{"key":"2025121602355367000_15.6.e090883.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12308"},{"key":"2025121602355367000_15.6.e090883.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.add3715","article-title":"Social bonds are related to health behaviors and positive well-being globally","volume":"9","author":"Tun\u00e7gen\u00e7","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"2025121602355367000_15.6.e090883.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S258783"},{"key":"2025121602355367000_15.6.e090883.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30489-7"},{"key":"2025121602355367000_15.6.e090883.33","unstructured":"Donovan J , Poole N . Linking smallholders to markets for non-traditional agricultural exports: a review of experiences in the Caribbean Basi. 2008. Available: https:\/\/soas-repository.worktribe.com\/output\/435234"},{"key":"2025121602355367000_15.6.e090883.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-resource-090921-045011","article-title":"Agriculture for Development: Analytics and Action","volume":"14","author":"de Janvry","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu Rev Resour Econ"},{"key":"2025121602355367000_15.6.e090883.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icc\/2.2.157"},{"key":"2025121602355367000_15.6.e090883.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1111\/kykl.12084","article-title":"Economic Development and the Effectiveness of Foreign Aid: A Historical Perspective","volume":"68","author":"Edwards","year":"2015","journal-title":"Kyklos (Oxford)"},{"key":"2025121602355367000_15.6.e090883.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1007\/s11187-014-9554-8","article-title":"The ineffectiveness of entrepreneurship policy: is policy formulation to blame?","volume":"43","author":"Arshed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Small Bus Econ"},{"key":"2025121602355367000_15.6.e090883.38","unstructured":"Sruthi S , Rahul K . A study on social entrepreneurship in india. IJEMR 2020;2249\u2013585. Available: https:\/\/ijemr.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/A-STUDY-ON-SOCIAL-ENTREPRENEURSHIP-IN-INDIA.pdf"},{"key":"2025121602355367000_15.6.e090883.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1108\/EJTD-10-2019-0174","article-title":"The role of entrepreneurship education and training programmes in advancing entrepreneurial skills and new ventures","volume":"44","author":"Galv\u00e3o","year":"2020","journal-title":"EJTD"},{"key":"2025121602355367000_15.6.e090883.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s41959-019-00018-z","article-title":"Entrepreneurship education: a review of challenges, characteristics and opportunities","volume":"2","author":"Hameed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Entrep Educ"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-090883","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T10:36:02Z","timestamp":1765881362000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-090883"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-090883"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-090883","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2044-6055"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2044-6055"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}}}