{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T08:27:23Z","timestamp":1789028843909,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739491200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004733","name":"TD Bank","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004733","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"CGS"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Muhlenfeld Family Trust"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Urinary incontinence (UI) is a common condition among older adults with adverse consequences to health and well-being. Shame, stigma and cultural perspectives can prevent treatment-seeking behaviour. Although there is an abundance of studies in the health research literature that explore the physiological basis of UI, there is limited evidence on the role culture plays in shaping knowledge of, attitudes to and beliefs about UI. This review aims to answer what is known about the role of culture in shaping the attitudes and beliefs on UI to identify gaps in the literature and direct future research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Joanna Briggs Institute method for scoping reviews will be used to conduct the review, in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). The MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, Cumulated Index in Nursing and Allied Health Literature, EBSCOhost, Scopus databases and WHO Index Medicus databases will be searched, without any restriction on language and publication date, enhancing the comprehensiveness and inclusivity of the review. A preliminary search of MEDLINE was conducted (09 February 2024) to identify articles. The screening and analysis of the search results from the databases will be managed using Covidence software. Two authors will screen articles, with a third involved as needed to resolve any differences. Findings will be organised using tables and key themes will be identified.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Formal ethics approval is not required for this review as it does not involve any human or animal participants. Findings will be disseminated in a high-impact peer-reviewed journal with a focus on open-access publication at conferences and used to inform studies on the development of culturally sensitive management programmes for UI with the full involvement of patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Open Science Framework\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/osf.io\/3d97f\">https:\/\/osf.io\/3d97f<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-091092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,16]],"date-time":"2025-02-16T06:10:56Z","timestamp":1739686256000},"page":"e091092","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Understanding the role of culture in shaping attitudes and beliefs on urinary incontinence: a scoping review protocol"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1381-0511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simran","family":"Panesar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9505-9966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saima","family":"Rajabali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2337-6441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megan","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geoffrey & Robyn Sperber Health Sciences Library, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5372-530X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian","family":"Wagg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121509103000000_15.2.e091092.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.29309\/TPMJ\/2013.20.04.1095","article-title":"Urinary Incontinence Three Months After Delivery; Prevalence and Risk Factors","volume":"20","author":"Ali","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Professional Medical Journal"},{"key":"2025121509103000000_15.2.e091092.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.10052"},{"key":"2025121509103000000_15.2.e091092.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosato-Scott C , Barrington DJ , Bhakta A , et al . Incontinence: we need to talk about leaks. In: Frontiers of sanitation: innovations and insights 16. Brighton: IDS, 2020.","DOI":"10.19088\/SLH.2020.005"},{"key":"2025121509103000000_15.2.e091092.4","unstructured":"Giles-Hansen C . Hygiene needs of incontinence sufferers. 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