{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]],"date-time":"2026-07-12T10:03:59Z","timestamp":1783850639617,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741824000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Health and Medical Research Fund (HMRF) Commissioned Research on the Novel Coronavirus Disease","award":["COVID1903006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COVID1903006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic has led to the implementation of social distancing measures on an unprecedented scale, but their impacts on the mental health of the general public, especially in places with strict and prolonged restrictions, are not well understood. This study explored the Hong Kong public\u2019s views on social distancing measures that were implemented approximately two years into the pandemic and examined how these perceptions influence their stay-at-home motivation and mental health based on Protection Motivation Theory (PMT).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>A two-phase sequential exploratory mixed-methods study was conducted.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data were collected as part of a larger study of a universal online public health campaign in Hong Kong.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>First, qualitative interviews with 26 participants from diverse backgrounds explored their views on COVID-19 and social distancing measures. Subsequently, a quantitative online survey of 1025 participants from the general population examined the relationship between PMT constructs, stay-at-home motivation, and mental health.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Outcome measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mental health and PMT constructs, including protective motivation, perceived severity, perceived vulnerability, self-efficacy, response cost, and response efficacy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The qualitative results identified three themes: \u2018the inescapable and unpredictable nature of COVID-19\u2019, \u2018stay-at-home impacts all facets of life\u2019, and \u2018the realities and challenges of social distancing during a pandemic\u2019. Subsequently, quantitative findings showed that most PMT constructs, such as perceived severity (\u00df=0.21, 95% CI=0.15\u20130.27), perceived vulnerability (\u00df=0.24, 95% CI=0.18\u20130.30), self-efficacy (\u00df=0.27, 95% CI=0.20\u20130.34) and response efficacy (\u00df=0.09, 95% CI=0.02\u20130.15), were associated with stay-at-home motivation (all p&lt;0.01), except for response cost. Higher perceived severity (\u00df=1.42\u20131.74), perceived vulnerability (\u00df=0.93\u20131.36), and response cost (\u00df=1.29\u20131.64) were associated with poorer mental health.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study examined the public perceptions and experiences of strict and prolonged social distancing measures two years into a global pandemic. The findings highlighted the significance of using the PMT model to understand the factors influencing stay-at-home intentions and their mental health during the pandemic. The findings provide valuable insights to guide the development and implementation of future public health interventions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-092160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T02:00:51Z","timestamp":1741917651000},"page":"e092160","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Social distancing and mental health two years into a global pandemic: a sequential exploratory mixed-methods investigation in Hong Kong"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Grace W K","family":"Ho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sau Fong","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7330-7001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yim Wah","family":"Mak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1393-7954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kwan Ho","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin K H","family":"Kwok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Yuen Loke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taaa020","article-title":"Isolation, quarantine, social distancing and community containment: pivotal role for old-style public health measures in the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak","volume":"27","author":"Wilder-Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1111\/bjso.12402","article-title":"Social psychological theory and research on the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic: Introduction to the rapid response special section","volume":"59","author":"Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Soc Psychol"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-043312","article-title":"Perceptions and experiences of the public regarding the COVID-19 pandemic in Nepal: a qualitative study using phenomenological analysis","volume":"10","author":"Bhatt","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihaa081","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on stress and emotional reactions in Israel: a mixed-methods study","volume":"13","author":"Levkovich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Health"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdaa105","article-title":"Perceptions of public on the COVID-19 outbreak in Singapore: a qualitative content analysis","volume":"42","author":"Shorey","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Public Health (Bangkok)"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-021-02367-8","article-title":"A qualitative study about the mental health and wellbeing of older adults in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"21","author":"McKinlay","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-02898-1","article-title":"Exploring nurses\u2019 experiences of psychological distress during care of patients with COVID-19: a qualitative study","volume":"20","author":"Galehdar","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2020.03.018","article-title":"A qualitative study on the psychological experience of caregivers of COVID-19 patients","volume":"48","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2022.07.022","article-title":"Mothers\u2019 and children\u2019s thoughts on COVID-19: A qualitative study","volume":"67","author":"G\u00f6kalp","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pediatr Nurs"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872847","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.872847","article-title":"Experience and Perceptions of Chinese University Students Regarding the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Analysis","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.660536","article-title":"Older Adults in the United States and COVID-19: A Qualitative Study of Perceptions, Finances, Coping, and Emotions","volume":"9","author":"Goins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2021.03.008","article-title":"Perspectives of pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative study","volume":"35","author":"Atmuri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Women Birth"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.10.066"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.51866\/rv0001","article-title":"Sane and safe: Forced social distancing to prevent human-to-human transmission of COVID-19","volume":"16","author":"Jahan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Malays Fam Physician"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1080\/10911359.2020.1845903","article-title":"Stay-at-home works to fight against COVID-19: International evidence from Google mobility data","volume":"31","author":"Yilmazkuday","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hum Behav Soc Environ"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30308-4","article-title":"Mental health before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a longitudinal probability sample survey of the UK population","volume":"7","author":"Pierce","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113419","article-title":"Mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: Effects of stay-at-home policies, social distancing behavior, and social resources","volume":"293","author":"Marroqu\u00edn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/gpsych-2020-100213","article-title":"A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: implications and policy recommendations","volume":"33","author":"Qiu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gen Psychiatr"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2020-215060"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/BJP.2020.212"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.652086","article-title":"Short-Term Analysis (8 Weeks) of Social Distancing and Isolation on Mental Health and Physical Activity Behavior During COVID-19","volume":"12","author":"Peterson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.09.030","article-title":"Mental health crisis under COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong, China","volume":"100","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.19686","article-title":"Prevalence of Depression Symptoms in US Adults Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"3","author":"Ettman","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1211","article-title":"Managing mental health challenges faced by healthcare workers during covid-19 pandemic","volume":"368","author":"Greenberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matos M , McEwan K , Kanovsk\u00fd M , et al . The role of social connection on the experience of COVID-19 related post-traumatic growth and stress. PLoS ONE 2021;16. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0261384","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0261384"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1111\/bjhp.12485","article-title":"Resilience during uncertainty? Greater social connectedness during COVID-19 lockdown is associated with reduced distress and fatigue","volume":"26","author":"Nitschke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Health Psychol"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-039334","article-title":"Public perceptions and experiences of social distancing and social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic: a UK-based focus group study","volume":"10","author":"Williams","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0258344","article-title":"Connection, constraint, and coping: A qualitative study of experiences of loneliness during the COVID-19 lockdown in the UK","volume":"16","author":"McKenna-Plumley","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2065431","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2022.2065431","article-title":"You can\u2019t do anything about it, but you can make the best of it: a qualitative analysis of pandemic-related experiences in six European countries","volume":"13","author":"Zrni\u0107 Novakovi\u0107","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-053676","article-title":"\u201cYou\u2019re just there, alone in your room with your thoughts\u201d: a qualitative study about the psychosocial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic among young people living in the UK","volume":"12","author":"McKinlay","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17186591"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2381","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17072381","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health and Quality of Life among Local Residents in Liaoning Province, China: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IJERPH"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.46234\/ccdcw2022.015","article-title":"The Dynamic COVID-Zero Strategy in China","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"China CDC Wkly"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2023.101467","article-title":"How Chinese attitudes toward COVID-19 policies changed between June and early December 2022: Risk perceptions and the uses of mainstream media and WeChat","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"SSM Popul Health"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.200563"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2014.160"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1080\/10911359.2020.1783419","article-title":"Using the protection motivation theory to examine the effects of fear arousal on the practice of social distancing during the COVID-19 outbreak in rural areas","volume":"31","author":"Adunlin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hum Behav Soc Environ"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2020.03.027","article-title":"Effective health communication \u2013 a key factor in fighting the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"103","author":"Finset","year":"2020","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.39","unstructured":"Rogers RW . Cognitive and physiological processes in fear appeals and attitude change: A revised theory of protection motivation. Social Psychology: A Source Book 1983;153\u201376."},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00223980.1975.9915803"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2023.103758","article-title":"Meta-analysis on application of Protection Motivation Theory in preventive behaviors against COVID-19","volume":"94","author":"Hedayati","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Disaster Risk Reduct"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjhp.12513"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-10500-w","article-title":"Application of the protection motivation theory for predicting COVID-19 preventive behaviors in Hormozgan, Iran: a cross-sectional study","volume":"21","author":"Ezati Rad","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare8040475","article-title":"Predictors of Staying at Home during the COVID-19 Pandemic and Social Lockdown based on Protection Motivation Theory: A Cross-Sectional Study in Japan","volume":"8","author":"Okuhara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.45","first-page":"E35","article-title":"Predictors of the Social Distancing Behaviors during the COVID-19 Pandemic using Protection Motivation Theory in Iran: A cross sectional study","volume":"63","author":"Hadizadeh-Talasaz","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Prev Med Hyg"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0268336","article-title":"Application of the protection motivation theory to understand determinants of compliance with the measure of banning gathering size >4 in all public areas for controlling COVID-19 in a Hong Kong Chinese adult general population","volume":"17","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/19128","article-title":"Impact of Online Information on Self-Isolation Intention During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"22","author":"Farooq","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-020-00589-w","article-title":"Prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Salari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Global Health"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.117"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/bs13020162","article-title":"Psychological Factors Explaining the COVID-19 Pandemic Impact on Mental Health: The Role of Meaning, Beliefs, and Perceptions of Vulnerability and Mortality","volume":"13","author":"Negri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Behav Sci (Basel)"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-10927-1","article-title":"Worry and mental health in the Covid-19 pandemic: vulnerability factors in the general Norwegian population","volume":"21","author":"Blix","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.01.049","article-title":"Associations of risk perception of COVID-19 with emotion and mental health during the pandemic","volume":"284","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S302521","article-title":"Relationship Between Risk Perception, Social Support, and Mental Health Among General Chinese Population During the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"Volume 14","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"RMHP"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563741","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.563741","article-title":"Epidemic Risk Perception, Perceived Stress, and Mental Health During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Moderated Mediating Model","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su Z , Zhang R , Abdulswabul K , et al . Pandemic lessons from Hong Kong. Discov Public Health 2024;21. doi:10.1186\/s12982-024-00305-8","DOI":"10.1186\/s12982-024-00305-8"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-017-0574-8"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192013392","article-title":"A Community-Based Participatory Research Approach to Developing and Testing Social and Behavioural Interventions to Reduce the Spread of SARS-CoV-2: A Protocol for the \u201cCOPAR for COVID\u201d Programme of Research with Five Interconnected Studies in the Hong Kong Context","volume":"19","author":"Molassiotis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1061367","article-title":"Preventive behavior against SARS-CoV-2 infection in adults according to whether or not they live with children. A combined analysis of the nationwide COSMO-SPAIN and ENE-COVID surveys","volume":"11","author":"Jroundi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113944","article-title":"Heterogeneity in preventive behaviors during COVID-19: Health risk, economic insecurity, and slanted information","volume":"278","author":"Shin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lovibond SH , Lovibond PF . Manual for the depression anxiety stress scales, 2nd edn. Sydney: Psychology Foundation, 1995.","DOI":"10.1037\/t01004-000"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2607.200500","article-title":"Community Responses during Early Phase of COVID-19 Epidemic, Hong Kong","volume":"26","author":"Kwok","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/24053","article-title":"Association of Perceived Threat, Negative Emotions, and Self-Efficacy With Mental Health and Personal Protective Behavior Among Chinese Pregnant Women During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Cross-sectional Survey Study","volume":"23","author":"Mo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.552583","article-title":"Does Self-Efficacy and Emotional Control Protect Hospital Staff From COVID-19 Anxiety and PTSD Symptoms? Psychological Functioning of Hospital Staff After the Announcement of COVID-19 Coronavirus Pandemic","volume":"11","author":"Bidzan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-15257-y","article-title":"A longitudinal study of COVID-19 preventive behavior fatigue in Hong Kong: a city with previous pandemic experience","volume":"23","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/26043","article-title":"Age-Related Differences in Experiences With Social Distancing at the Onset of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Computational and Content Analytic Investigation of Natural Language From a Social Media Survey","volume":"8","author":"Moore","year":"2021","journal-title":"JMIR Hum Factors"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12592","article-title":"Change in mental health symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic: The role of appraisals and daily life experiences","volume":"89","author":"Brose","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pers"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.112954","article-title":"Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey","volume":"288","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10880-017-9514-y"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30168-1","article-title":"Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: a call for action for mental health science","volume":"7","author":"Holmes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2020.05.009"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231924","article-title":"Mental health problems and social media exposure during COVID-19 outbreak","volume":"15","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2025040100165458000_15.3.e092160.73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1980","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-020-00294-0","article-title":"Adaptation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Its Association with Psychological Distress and Life Satisfaction in Turkey","volume":"19","author":"Satici","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Addict"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-092160","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T11:49:40Z","timestamp":1743508180000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-092160"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-092160"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-092160","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}}}