{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,15]],"date-time":"2026-11-15T05:21:11Z","timestamp":1794720071689,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762128000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shanghai Health Development Research Center","award":["202001007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202001007"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Health Development Research Center","award":["20210032B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210032B"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To provide an overview of the effectiveness of global tobacco control policies using Interrupted Time Series (ITS) methodology and analyse key health outcome indicators and methodological differences in ITS studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data sources<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PubMed, Web of Science and Embase were searched for ITS studies on tobacco control policies from database inception to 1 July 2024.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study selection<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>55 English-language studies were selected based on strict inclusion criteria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data extraction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Three researchers extracted data on study characteristics, design, conclusions and limitations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data synthesis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the studies, 28 used monthly time intervals, 40 focused on a single time break, 47 used non-Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average models, 40 considered seasonality, 34 controlled for confounding factors and only 13 included a control group. The implementation and evaluation of tobacco control policies demonstrated considerable geographical imbalance, with Europe reporting the largest number of evaluations (n\u202f=\u202f23), followed by Asia (n\u202f=\u202f12) and North America (n\u202f=\u202f10), whereas South America (n\u202f=\u202f4), multiple regions (n\u202f=\u202f4) and Oceania (n\u202f=\u202f2) were markedly under-represented. Overall, policies were associated with beneficial effects across multiple health outcomes, including reductions in emergency visit rate, hospitalisation rates, secondhand smoke exposure rate and smoking prevalence, although certain outcome measures exhibited notable heterogeneity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ITS applications differ in time-interval selection, modelling and control of seasonality and confounding, contributing to result heterogeneity. Tobacco control policies are effective across multiple health indicators, though variability warrants further study. Future work should enhance reporting and methodological standardisation, particularly in control group use and statistical modelling, and strengthen policy implementation and evaluation in low- and middle-income countries to promote equitable global progress.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-094148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T13:42:55Z","timestamp":1762263775000},"page":"e094148","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effectiveness of tobacco control policy interventions on tobacco use behaviours and health outcomes based on ITS research methodology: a scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ying","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Health Development Research Center\uff08Shanghai Medical information Center), Shanghai, China"},{"name":"School of lnternational and Public Affairs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2835-3149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China"},{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Center for Drug Policy Research, Kunming, Yunnan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiyin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Health Development Research Center\uff08Shanghai Medical information Center), Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lihang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Health Development Research Center\uff08Shanghai Medical information Center), Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaicheng","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Arts and Science, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.1","unstructured":"World health statistics 2019: Monitoring health for the sdgs, sustainable development goals. 2024."},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1308383"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.3","unstructured":"Global Burden of Disease 2021: Findings from the GBD 2021 Study. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation; 2024."},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.4","unstructured":"WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC). 2024."},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.5","unstructured":"WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic 2021: addressing new and emerging products. 2024."},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2710.2002.00430.x"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/nts194"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2023-220746"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062753","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1062753","article-title":"Effects of municipal smoke-free ordinances on secondhand smoke exposure in the Republic of Korea","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20105893","article-title":"Impact of National Tobacco Control Policy on Rates of Hospital Admission for Pneumonia: When Compliance Matters","volume":"20","author":"Gambaryan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2023-012339","article-title":"Association between the extension of smoke-free legislation and incident acute myocardial infarctions in Singapore from 2010 to 2019: an interrupted time-series analysis","volume":"8","author":"Ho","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4178\/epih.e2024009","article-title":"Decrease in household secondhand smoking among Korean adolescents associated with smoke-free policies: grade-period-cohort and interrupted time series analyses","volume":"46","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Epidemiol Health"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18332\/tid\/168123","article-title":"Effect of a two-phase tobacco control regulation on incidence from ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke, Shenzhen, China, 2007\u20132016","volume":"21","author":"Shi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Tob Induc Dis"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntac235","article-title":"Examining the Effectiveness of the 2012 Canadian Graphic Warning Label Policy Change by Sex, Income, and Education","volume":"25","author":"Usidame","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4021","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-023-01100-3","article-title":"Impact of a Comprehensive Tobacco Control Package on Trends in Hospital Admissions for Depression in Beijing, China: Interrupted Time Series Study","volume":"22","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Addiction"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-16456-3","article-title":"Trends in smoking-related diseases by socioeconomic position following a national smoking ban in 2007: a nationwide study in the Danish population","volume":"23","author":"Jarlstrup","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e579","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(21)00129-8","article-title":"Associations between smoke-free vehicle legislation and childhood admissions to hospital for asthma in Scotland: an interrupted time-series analysis of whole-population data","volume":"6","author":"Mackay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4414\/smw.2016.14381","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory hospitalisation and mortality reductions after smoking bans in Switzerland","volume":"146","author":"Vicedo-Cabrera","year":"2016","journal-title":"Swiss Med Wkly"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2016-053261"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-048137","article-title":"Effect of smoke-free legislation on respiratory health services use in children with asthma: a population-based open cohort study in Ontario, Canada","volume":"11","author":"To","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2014.12.009","article-title":"Effect of Uruguay\u2019s National 100% Smokefree Law on Emergency Visits for Bronchospasm","volume":"49","author":"Kalkhoran","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-2592"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1017\/S1744133118000270","article-title":"Impact of the Spanish smoke-free laws on cigarette sales, 2000\u20132015: partial bans on smoking in public places failed and only a total tobacco ban worked","volume":"14","author":"Pinilla","year":"2019","journal-title":"HEPL"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntae045","article-title":"Impact of Total Indoor Smoking Ban on Cardiovascular Disease Hospitalizations and Mortality: The Case of Chile","volume":"26","author":"Montes de Oca","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4209","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-83774-0","article-title":"Interrupted time series study found mixed effects of the impact of the Bavarian smoke-free legislation on pregnancy outcomes","volume":"11","author":"Polus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6956941","article-title":"Longitudinal Impact of the Smoking Ban Legislation in Acute Coronary Syndrome Admissions","volume":"2017","author":"Abreu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0062063","article-title":"Reductions in cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and respiratory mortality following the national irish smoking ban: interrupted time-series analysis","volume":"8","author":"Stallings-Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2017-053801"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.14.146092","article-title":"Teenage smoking behaviour following a high-school smoking ban in Chile: interrupted time-series analysis","volume":"93","author":"Feigl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2017-053715"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd10.120268","article-title":"Use of Interrupted Time-Series Method to Evaluate the Impact of Cigarette Excise Tax Increases in Pennsylvania, 2000\u20132009","volume":"10","author":"Ma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prev Chronic Dis"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0242570","article-title":"Association between tobacco control policies and hospital admissions for acute myocardial infarction in Thailand, 2006-2017: A time series analysis","volume":"15","author":"Patanavanich","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.003455"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-025092","article-title":"Effects of global and domestic tobacco control policies on cigarette consumption per capita: an evaluation using monthly data in China","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017419","article-title":"Effects of Italian Smoking Regulation on Rates of Hospital Admission for Acute Coronary Events: A Country-Wide Study","volume":"6","author":"Barone-Adesi","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.repc.2019.05.010","article-title":"Impact of public health initiatives on acute coronary syndrome fatality rates in Portugal","volume":"39","author":"Abreu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev Port Cardiol"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e607","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(19)30175-6","article-title":"Investigating the effect of England\u2019s smoke-free private vehicle regulation on changes in tobacco smoke exposure and respiratory disease in children: a quasi-experimental study","volume":"4","author":"Faber","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e618","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(19)30203-8","article-title":"Smoking prevalence following tobacco tax increases in Australia between 2001 and 2017: an interrupted time-series analysis","volume":"4","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0098617","article-title":"Socioeconomic Differentials in the Immediate Mortality Effects of the National Irish Smoking Ban","volume":"9","author":"Stallings-Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin T , Seo J , Ye S , et al . Suicide mortality following the implementation of tobacco packaging and pricing policies in Korea: an interrupted time-series analysis. BMC Med 2024;22. doi:10.1186\/s12916-024-03372-5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-024-03372-5"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2007.03.011"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l2287","article-title":"Impact of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control on global cigarette consumption: quasi-experimental evaluations using interrupted time series analysis and in-sample forecast event modelling","volume":"365","author":"Hoffman","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-058324","article-title":"Impact of vaping introduction on cigarette smoking in six jurisdictions with varied regulatory approaches to vaping: an interrupted time series analysis","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-02806-0"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15406"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep23907","article-title":"Tobacco control policies and perinatal health: a national quasi-experimental study","volume":"6","author":"Peelen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/s41533-024-00369-8","article-title":"Tobacco control policies and respiratory conditions among children presenting in primary care","volume":"34","author":"Faber","year":"2024","journal-title":"npj Prim Care Respir Med"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.48","article-title":"Ten-Year Follow-Up of the Impact of Scottish Smoke-Free Legislation on Acute Myocardial Infarction","volume":"12","author":"Mackay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2016.05.032","article-title":"Association between Florida\u2019s smoke-free policy and acute myocardial infarction by race: A time series analysis, 2000\u20132013","volume":"92","author":"Mead","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2013-051335"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2018-054255"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2020.06.022"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntab194","article-title":"The Short-term Impact of Standardised Packaging on Smoking and Snus Use in Norway","volume":"24","author":"Halkjelsvik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Been JV , Mackay DF , Millett C , et al . 2015 Impact of smoke-free legislation on perinatal and infant mortality: a national quasi-experimental study. Sci Rep 5. doi:10.1038\/srep13020","DOI":"10.1038\/srep13020"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2012.03853.x"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2017-053683"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-058909","article-title":"Purchasing of tobacco-related and e-cigarette-related products within prisons before and after implementation of smoke-free prison policy: analysis of prisoner spend data across Scotland, UK","volume":"12","author":"Best","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e795","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(21)00163-8","article-title":"Evaluation of a national smoke-free prisons policy using medication dispensing: an interrupted time-series analysis","volume":"6","author":"Tweed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2018-054477"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c2161"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14970"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chu M , Liu Z , Fang X , et al . n.d. Effects of a Smoke-Free Policy in Xi\u2019an, China: Impact on Hospital Admissions for Acute Ischemic Heart Disease and Stroke. Front Public Health 10. doi:10.3389\/fpubh.2022.898461","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.898461"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-003567","article-title":"Use of interrupted time series methods in the evaluation of health system quality improvement interventions: a methodological systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Hategeka","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyaa118"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-021-01235-8"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-021-01306-w"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.07.018","article-title":"The limits of single-group interrupted time series analysis in assessing the impact of smoke-free laws on short-term mortality","volume":"73","author":"Barrio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyy135"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0021-2016"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2014.03.020"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-1"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tc-2023-058337"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s41256-017-0039-6","article-title":"Factors influencing the tobacco control policy process in Egypt and Iran: a scoping review","volume":"2","author":"Banks","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob Health Res Policy"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501326","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1501326","article-title":"Strengthening tobacco control research: key factors impacting policy outcomes and health equity","volume":"12","author":"Peters","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2022-008859","article-title":"How do tobacco control policies work in low-income and middle-income countries? A realist synthesis","volume":"7","author":"Hebbar","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.22341","article-title":"Evaluation of Population-Level Tobacco Control Interventions and Health Outcomes","volume":"6","author":"Akter","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.77","article-title":"Interventions for promoting smoking cessation during pregnancy","volume":"2009","author":"Lumley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-016-2166-y"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3054-5","article-title":"Exploring socio-contextual factors associated with male smoker\u2019s intention to quit smoking","volume":"16","author":"Jung","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16400","article-title":"Effectiveness of culturally tailoring smoking cessation interventions for reducing or quitting combustible tobacco: A systematic review and meta-analyses","volume":"119","author":"Leinberger-Jabari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3364","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16183364","article-title":"Advertising Restrictions and Market Concentration in the Cigarette Industry: A Cross-Country Analysis","volume":"16","author":"Mirza","year":"2019","journal-title":"IJERPH"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"03","DOI":"10.18332\/tid\/157090","article-title":"A multi-country analysis of transnational tobacco companies\u2019 market share","volume":"21","author":"Rajani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tob Induc Dis"},{"key":"2026111421150690000_15.11.e094148.83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.3289","article-title":"Heterogeneity in Smokers\u2019 Responses to Tobacco Control Policies","volume":"26","author":"Nesson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Econ"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-094148","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,15]],"date-time":"2026-11-15T05:15:22Z","timestamp":1794719722000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-094148"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-094148"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-094148","relation":{"has-part":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-094148.supp1","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}}}