{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]],"date-time":"2025-12-14T17:57:54Z","timestamp":1765735074024,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750032000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U54GM104940"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54GM104940"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015161","name":"Louisiana Department of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015161","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe the trends in high remnant cholesterol (HRC) prevalence and identify its risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A serial cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999\u20132020 were analysed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 24\u2009658 adults aged \u226518 years with fasting total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglycerides (TG) measured were included.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Outcome measure<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Serum TC was measured using an enzymatic method. HDL-C and TG were quantified using photometry. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was estimated by using the Sampson formula. Remnant cholesterol (RC) was defined as TC\u2013HDL-C\u2013LDL-C. HRC was defined as RC\u22650.78\u2009mmol\/L.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The multivariable-adjusted survey-weighted HRC prevalence decreased from 26.6% (1999\u20132002) to 13.7% (2015\u20132020) with a 5.4% reduction per year (p\n                      <jats:sub>linear-trend<\/jats:sub>\n                      &lt;0.001), with a more pronounced decline in individuals aged \u226560 years and non-Hispanic black individuals. Correspondingly, lipid-lowering medication use increased from 8.3% to 19.9%. Old age, male sex, current smoking and family diabetes were associated with increased odds of HRC. In contrast, non-Hispanic black individuals, with higher education and higher income, were associated with lower odds. Obesity and pre-diabetes\/diabetes significantly increased HRC risk, with a 27% increment in HRC prevalence for every 5\u2009kg\/m\u00b2 increase in body mass index (BMI) (95% CI 22% to 32%).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HRC prevalence has significantly decreased among US adults over the past two decades, likely due to improved cholesterol management. However, certain groups, particularly those with higher BMI and diabetes, remain at elevated risk. Public health efforts should mitigate these disparities to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-095079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T06:20:29Z","timestamp":1750141229000},"page":"e095079","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Trends in high remnant cholesterol level and its risk factors among US adults using NHANES data from 1999 to 2020: a serial cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yuxuan","family":"Xun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oak Park High School, Thousand Oaks, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6172-8017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chronic Disease Epidemiology, LSU Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121409525540000_15.6.e095079.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.123.320175","article-title":"Remnant Cholesterol, Not LDL Cholesterol, Explains Peripheral Artery Disease Risk Conferred by apoB: A Cohort Study","volume":"44","author":"Wadstr\u00f6m","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"2025121409525540000_15.6.e095079.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000625"},{"key":"2025121409525540000_15.6.e095079.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz455"},{"key":"2025121409525540000_15.6.e095079.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.10.029","article-title":"Remnant Cholesterol and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk","volume":"76","author":"Burnett","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2025121409525540000_15.6.e095079.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.63397"},{"key":"2025121409525540000_15.6.e095079.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.116.308305"},{"key":"2025121409525540000_15.6.e095079.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000122867.89751.59"},{"key":"2025121409525540000_15.6.e095079.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.10.008"},{"key":"2025121409525540000_15.6.e095079.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.115.002765","article-title":"Remnant Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Incident Coronary Heart Disease: The Jackson Heart and Framingham Offspring Cohort Studies","volume":"5","author":"Joshi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"2025121409525540000_15.6.e095079.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.09.610"},{"key":"2025121409525540000_15.6.e095079.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.121.037756"},{"key":"2025121409525540000_15.6.e095079.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938647","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.938647","article-title":"Association between remnant cholesterol and heart failure: A prospective cohort study","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"2025121409525540000_15.6.e095079.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2023.10.006","article-title":"Association between remnant cholesterol and incident atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, heart failure, and atrial fibrillation","volume":"18","author":"Tada","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Lipidol"},{"key":"2025121409525540000_15.6.e095079.14","unstructured":"CDC, 2017. 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