{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T19:25:51Z","timestamp":1773343551204,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,8]],"date-time":"2025-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749340800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the golf-related characteristics of spinal injuries among professional golfers in South Korea.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cross-sectional survey study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Online survey in South Korea.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 439 professional active golfers (226 males and 213 females) in South Korea completed our survey.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data collected included experiences of cervical (C)-spine and thoracic and lumbar (T\/L)-spine injuries, demographics and golf-related characteristics among Korean professional golfers. Logistic regression analysis was used to explore any potential factors of golf-related spinal injuries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 33.7% (148 of 439) experienced total spine injury in professional active golfers, presenting 15.5% of C-spine injuries and 21.9% of T\/L-spine injuries. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that left-handed (OR, 2.79; 95%\u2009CI, 1.20 to 6.47 compared with right-handed) and fingertips &lt;5\u2009cm apart (fair grade) in the shoulder reach flexibility (OR, 0.33; 95%\u2009CI, 0.16 to 0.69) significantly influenced spinal injuries. Several factors such as age, golf-career years and body mass index were associated with time to injury, symptom duration and disability of spine injuries including C-spine and T\/L-spine injuries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nearly 33.7% of Korean professional active golfers have experienced golf-related spinal injuries. These injuries appear to make left-handed golfers more vulnerable; however, adequate flexibility may offer protection against such injuries, suggesting the need for tailored preventative strategies based on individual biomechanical profiles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-095700","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,8]],"date-time":"2025-06-08T15:45:12Z","timestamp":1749397512000},"page":"e095700","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Characteristics of spinal injury in professional golfers in South Korea: a nationwide cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Hyung Rae","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8162-9585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hong Jin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Nowon-gu, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyung-in Regional Military Manpower Administration, Suwon, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seungyup","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dong-Gune","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Nowon-gu, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6949-6954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae Hyuk","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seongbuk-gu, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121512462963000_15.6.e095700.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-102380"},{"key":"2025121512462963000_15.6.e095700.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-15-00433","article-title":"Golf Injuries: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Treatment","volume":"26","author":"Zouzias","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"key":"2025121512462963000_15.6.e095700.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2022-001504","article-title":"Cross-sectional study of characteristics and prevalence of musculoskeletal complaints in 1170 male golfers","volume":"9","author":"Murray","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med"},{"key":"2025121512462963000_15.6.e095700.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5919(20)30154-X","article-title":"The frequency of golf injuries","volume":"15","author":"McCarroll","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"key":"2025121512462963000_15.6.e095700.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5919(20)30157-5","article-title":"Back pain in golf","volume":"15","author":"Hosea","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"key":"2025121512462963000_15.6.e095700.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2007.07.388"},{"key":"2025121512462963000_15.6.e095700.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200636020-00006"},{"key":"2025121512462963000_15.6.e095700.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-021-06737-1"},{"key":"2025121512462963000_15.6.e095700.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465030310031901"},{"key":"2025121512462963000_15.6.e095700.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-024-04741-9","article-title":"Predictors of success of pharmacological management in patients with chronic lower back pain: systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Baroncini","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"key":"2025121512462963000_15.6.e095700.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.10.SPINE181113","article-title":"Golf: a contact sport. Repetitive traumatic discopathy may be the driver of early lumbar degeneration in modern-era golfers","volume":"31","author":"Walker","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"2025121512462963000_15.6.e095700.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546507300188"},{"key":"2025121512462963000_15.6.e095700.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-019-2523-2","article-title":"Relationship of joint hypermobility with low Back pain and lumbar spine osteoarthritis","volume":"20","author":"Goode","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"2025121512462963000_15.6.e095700.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2013.832353","article-title":"Drive for dough. 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