{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T00:12:43Z","timestamp":1759191163297,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756944000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique \u2013 FNRS"},{"name":"Centre of Biological Engineering","award":["UIDB\/04469\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04469\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["PTDC\/PSI-ESP\/1243\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/PSI-ESP\/1243\/2021"]}]},{"name":"LABBELS \u2013 Associate Laboratory in Biotechnology, Bioengineering and Microelectromechanical Systems","award":["LA\/P\/0029\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LA\/P\/0029\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Psychology Research Center, School of Psychology","award":["UIDB\/PSI\/01662\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/PSI\/01662\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Adolescence and youth are periods of significant maturational changes, which seem to involve greater susceptibility to disruptive events in the brain, such as binge drinking (BD). This pattern\u2014characterised by repeated episodes of alcohol intoxication\u2014is of particular concern, as it has been associated with significant alterations in the developing brain. Recent evidence indicates that alcohol may also induce changes in gut microbiota composition and that such disturbances can lead to impairments in both brain function and behaviour. Moreover, there is evidence suggesting that microbiota-targeted interventions (psychobiotics) may help mitigate alcohol-induced damage in individuals with chronic alcohol use, positively influencing cognitive and brain functioning. However, the triadic relationship between BD, gut microbiota and brain structure\/function, as well as the therapeutic potential of gut microbiota-targeted interventions in young binge drinkers, remains largely unexplored.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This double-blind, parallel, randomised controlled study aims to evaluate whether a BD pattern disrupts gut microbiota diversity in young college students (primary outcome). Additionally, it seeks to determine whether alcohol-induced alterations in the microbial composition and function are associated with immunological, cognitive, neurostructural and neurofunctional impairments (secondary outcomes). A total of 82 college students (36 non\/low drinkers and 46 binge drinkers (BDs)), matched for age and sex, will be recruited from the University of Minho (Portugal). During the pre-intervention phase, all participants will undergo a comprehensive assessment protocol, including gut microbiota profiling, measurement of inflammatory markers, neuropsychological testing and structural and functional MRI. BDs will then be randomly assigned to a 6-week intervention with either a prebiotic (inulin) or a placebo (maltodextrin). Post-intervention assessment will mirror the baseline protocol, and craving and alcohol use will be monitored for 3\u2009months.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The present protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee for Social and Human Sciences of the University of Minho (CEICSH 078\/2022), ensuring compliance with national and international ethical guidelines, including the Declaration of Helsinki. Participation is voluntary and preceded by informed consent, with confidentiality and data processing safeguarded in accordance with the General Data Protection Regulation. All procedures are safe and non-invasive, and the prebiotics used are recognised as food ingredients in Europe, hold Generally Recognized as Safe status in the USA and are classified as dietary fibres by the Food and Drug Administration. Findings will be disseminated in national and international scientific forums, with preference for publication in open-access, peer-reviewed journals.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>\n<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"clintrialgov\" specific-use=\"clinicaltrial \" xlink:href=\"NCT05946083\">NCT05946083<\/jats:ext-link>\n<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-095932","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T04:53:19Z","timestamp":1757393599000},"page":"e095932","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Assessing the impact of binge drinking and a prebiotic intervention on the gut\u2013brain axis in young adults: protocol for a randomised controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct05946083","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct05946083","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0051-8099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diogo","family":"Prata-Martins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clarisse","family":"Nobre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minho, Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, Braga Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nat\u00e1lia","family":"Almeida-Antunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Research Network (RISE-Health)\/Center for Translational Health and Medical Biotechnology Research (TBIO), ESS, Polytechnic of Porto, R. Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, 400, 4200 - 072, Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychologial Neuroscience Laboratoy (PNL), Psychology Reseach Center (CIPSI), School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6745-9607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00f3nia S","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minho, Braga, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Crego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Research Center, Braga, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Cryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomy & Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Sampaio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minho, Braga, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carina","family":"Carbia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Louvain Experimental Psychopathology Research Group, Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1788-1556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"L\u00f3pez-Caneda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychologial Neuroscience Laboratoy (PNL), Psychology Research Center (CIPSI), School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ALCALC\/AGAA041"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02724","article-title":"Editorial: Binge Drinking in the Adolescent and Young Brain","volume":"9","author":"L\u00f3pez-Caneda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.3","unstructured":"NIAAA . Drinking levels defined | national institute on alcohol abuse and alcoholism [internet]. NIAAA; 2020. Available: https:\/\/www.niaaa.nih.gov\/alcohol-health\/overview-alcohol-consumption\/moderate-binge-drinking"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.35946\/arcr.v39.1.11","article-title":"Effects of Binge Drinking on the Developing Brain","volume":"39","author":"Jones","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alcohol Res"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.5","unstructured":"Kraus L , Guttormsson U , Leifman H , et al . Results from the european school survey project on alcohol and other drugs. 2015. Available: https:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2020.102537","article-title":"Electroencephalographic signatures of the binge drinking pattern during adolescence and young adulthood: A PRISMA-driven systematic review","volume":"29","author":"Almeida-Antunes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.7","unstructured":"White A , Hingson R . The burden of alcohol use: excessive alcohol consumption and related consequences among college students. 2013. Available: https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/record\/2014-07285-012"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.DRUGALCDEP.2018.08.033"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.935043","article-title":"Effects of Persistent Binge Drinking on Brain Structure in Emerging Adults: A Longitudinal Study","volume":"13","author":"P\u00e9rez-Garc\u00eda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-019-09411-w"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NEUROPHARM.2018.08.026"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-00970-6"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01835","article-title":"The Human Gut Microbiome - A Potential Controller of Wellness and Disease","volume":"9","author":"Kho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.PNPBP.2018.04.015"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ALCALC\/AGX024"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2014-1108"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"St\u00e4rkel P , Leclercq S , Delzenne NM , et al . Gut-Brain Axis Dietary, Probiotic. Prebiotic Interv Microbiota 2016;363\u201390. doi:10.1016\/B978-0-12-802304-4.00017-7","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-802304-4.00017-7"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NEUROPHARM.2017.04.013"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0332-7"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.20","first-page":"329","article-title":"Clinical and Preclinical Evidence for Gut Microbiome Mechanisms in Substance Use Disorders","volume":"95","author":"Hofford","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2022.173432","article-title":"Substance use, microbiome and psychiatric disorders","volume":"219","author":"Chivero","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang X , Li L , Bian C , et al . 2023 Alterations and correlations of gut microbiota, fecal, and serum metabolome characteristics in a rat model of alcohol use disorder. Front Microbiol 13. doi:10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1068825","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1068825"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1415174111"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00380.2011"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14383","article-title":"Gut microbiota compositional and functional fingerprint in patients with alcohol use disorder and alcohol-associated liver disease","volume":"40","author":"Addolorato","year":"2020","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08830185.2021.1996573"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12869","article-title":"Long-lasting microbial dysbiosis and altered enteric neurotransmitters in adult rats following adolescent binge ethanol exposure","volume":"26","author":"Vetreno","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104442","article-title":"The Microbiome-Gut-Brain axis regulates social cognition & craving in young binge drinkers","volume":"89","author":"Carbia","year":"2023","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-01920-2","article-title":"Gut microbiota and voluntary alcohol consumption","volume":"12","author":"Segovia-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.108238"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.DRUGALCDEP.2022.109466"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007042","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.2007042","article-title":"Restoring an Adequate Dietary Fiber Intake by Inulin Supplementation: A Pilot Study Showing an Impact on Gut Microbiota and Sociability in Alcohol Use Disorder Patients","volume":"14","author":"Amadieu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut Microbe"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/HEP.31496"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.34","first-page":"720","article-title":"Psychobiotics: A Novel Class of Psychotropic","volume":"74","author":"Dinan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/yco.0000000000000758"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1177\/15598276211049178","article-title":"Probiotics for Mental Health: A Review of Recent Clinical Trials","volume":"16","author":"Kazlausky Esquivel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Lifestyle Med"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-024-01620-1","article-title":"Exploring the gut microbiome: probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics as key players in human health and disease improvement","volume":"33","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Sci Biotechnol"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2003.10.008"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2006.10.001"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251733","article-title":"Portuguese validation of the Alcohol Craving Questionnaire-Short Form-Revised","volume":"16","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.41","unstructured":"Derogatis LR , Savitz KL . The scl-90-r, brief symptom inventory, and matching clinical rating scales. 1999. Available: https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/record\/1999-02767-022"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(199511)51:6<768::AID-JCLP2270510607>3.0.CO;2-1"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2006.11.008"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S00394-022-02802-5"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.45","unstructured":"Boyle G , Stern Y , Stein D , et al . The sage handbook of clinical neuropsychology: clinical neuropsychological assessment and diagnosis . In: SAGE handb clin neuropsychol clin neuropsychol assess diagnosis. 1 Oliver\u2019s Yard, 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP, Available: https:\/\/sk.sagepub.com\/reference\/the-sage-handbook-of-clinical-neuropsychology-v2"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmab119","article-title":"The Prebiotic Potential of Inulin-Type Fructans: A Systematic Review","volume":"13","author":"Hughes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2016.04.020"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BBI.2021.01.014"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-303304"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.50","unstructured":"Lopes C . Alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o e enfarte agudo do mioc\u00e1rdio: estudo caso-controlo de base comunit\u00e1ria. disserta\u00e7\u00e3o de doutoramento apresentada \u00e0 faculdade de medicina da universidade do porto. 2000. Available: https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10216\/9938"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.52","first-page":"324","article-title":"The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test Guidelines for Use in Primary Care. World Heal Organ","volume":"26","author":"Babor","year":"2001","journal-title":"World Heal Organ"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boyle GJ , Stern Y , Stein DJ , et al . The SAGE handbook of clinical neuropsychology. Sage Publications, 2023. Available: https:\/\/us.sagepub.com\/en-us\/nam\/the-sage-handbook-of-clinical-neuropsychology\/book270083","DOI":"10.4135\/9781529789522"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11070954","article-title":"Evaluation of Microbial-Fructo-Oligosaccharides Metabolism by Human Gut Microbiota Fermentation as Compared to Commercial Inulin-Derived Oligosaccharides","volume":"11","author":"Roupar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13916","article-title":"The Think\/No\u2010Think Alcohol Task: A New Paradigm for Assessing Memory Suppression in Alcohol\u2010Related Contexts","volume":"43","author":"L\u00f3pez\u2010Caneda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alcoholism Clin & Exp Res"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.11.022"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930903485076;PAGE:STRING:ARTICLE\/CHAPTER"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200001170-00009"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7916(94)90063-9"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addicn.2024.100156","article-title":"Mesocorticolimbic system reactivity to alcohol use-related visual cues as a function of alcohol sensitivity phenotype: A pilot fMRI study","volume":"11","author":"Cofres\u00ed","year":"2024","journal-title":"Addict Neurosci"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ADDBEH.2014.08.010"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12853","article-title":"Validation of the Amsterdam Beverage Picture Set: A Controlled Picture Set for Cognitive Bias Measurement and Modification Paradigms","volume":"39","author":"Pronk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-011-0216-8"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.796025","article-title":"The Power of Microbiome Studies: Some Considerations on Which Alpha and Beta Metrics to Use and How to Report Results","volume":"12","author":"Kers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2012.8"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.12886","article-title":"Enhancement of methane production from 1-hexadecene by additional electron donors","volume":"11","author":"Paulo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb Biotechnol"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa8701_03"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2017.15","article-title":"The link between inflammation, bugs, the intestine and the brain in alcohol dependence","volume":"7","author":"Leclercq","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1224092","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effects of inulin and its intestinal metabolites","volume":"14","author":"Sheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2024.106337","article-title":"Unveiling the role of functional foods with emphasis on prebiotics and probiotics in human health: A review","volume":"119","author":"Victoria Obayomi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Funct Foods"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2003.07.004"},{"key":"2025092907550779000_15.9.e095932.72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5041417"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-095932","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T15:10:52Z","timestamp":1759158652000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-095932"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-095932"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-095932","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2044-6055"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2044-6055"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}}}