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However, equal importance is given to all the PSBI signs, which signal the need for referral and hospital management, except for fast breathing in infants aged 7\u201359\u2009days, for which outpatient treatment by clinical staff working at a health facility is recommended. Moreover, studies to validate the importance of clinical signs of PSBI have mostly used the need for hospitalisation as the outcome. There is a need to further examine the association of signs of PSBI individually and in combination with risk of mortality and to analyse global data to inform global recommendations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We will create a dataset that integrates data from population-based studies globally with similar designs that have examined the presence of signs of PSBI identified by frontline health workers throughout the young infant period (days 0 to &lt;60) and that have also recorded infant vital status. We will conduct pooled, individual-level analyses of the frequency of identification of signs individually and in combinations and will conduct three types of analyses of association of signs of PSBI with mortality: (1) case fatality, which has been used in a multisite study of mortality risk associated with signs of PSBI in young infants in Africa; (2) Cox regression, which will enable time-varying analysis of exposure in relation to mortality, as has been done in a multisite study in Asia and (3) machine learning analysis, which has not previously been applied to any of the available data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All prior studies incorporated into our pooled analysis were approved by the independent local ethics committee\/institutional review board (IRB) at each study site in each country, and all study participants provided informed consent. This project was approved by the Stanford University School of Medicine IRB protocol 74456. Study findings will be disseminated through publications in peer-reviewed journals, WHO documents, and presentations at maternal and child health meetings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-097135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T21:16:07Z","timestamp":1750799767000},"page":"e097135","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mortality risk associated with clinical signs of possible serious bacterial infection (PSBI) in young infants in Africa and Asia: protocol for a secondary pooled analysis"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7522-5824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gary L","family":"Darmstadt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vaishnavi","family":"Bhamidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khusbu","family":"Adhikari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9441-521X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivana","family":"Mari\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Shahidul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Health Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shamim Ahmad","family":"Qazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Consultant Paediatrician, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saifuddin","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antoinette","family":"Tshefu Kitoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabian","family":"Esamai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Health and Paediatrics, Moi University, Eldoret, Uasin Gishu County, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adejumoke Idowu","family":"Ayede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Ibadan College of Medicine, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ebunoluwa A","family":"Adejuyigbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robinson D","family":"Wammanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Kaduna state, Nigeria, Zaria, Kaduna, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samir K","family":"Saha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Health Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9720-5699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasir Bin","family":"Nisar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health and Ageing, World Health Organization, Geneve, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121409115863000_15.6.e097135.1","unstructured":"United nations inter-agency group for child mortality estimation (UN IGME), levels & trends in child mortality: report 2023, estimates developed by the united nations inter-agency group for child mortality estimation. 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