{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T21:29:26Z","timestamp":1764883766123,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762128000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Oesophageal cancer (EC) is a common cause of cancer mortality. Evidence on the burden, risk factors and treatment outcomes is limited in low-income and middle-income countries. This study aimed to describe the features of EC cases and determine associated factors among patients attending surgical and oncology clinics in Garissa County Referral Hospital (GCRH).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a case\u2013control study in which cases were patients with EC and positive histological confirmation and controls were patients admitted to GCRH for other diseases. Data on exposures were extracted from patient files. Data on tobacco and alcohol use were based on current or past use as documented in the records; hot tea intake referred to habitual consumption. Mixed-effect logistic regression model was used to determine EC-associated factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>141 cases and 282 controls were recruited. Of the 141 cases, 59 (42%) had cancer in the lower third of the oesophagus, whereas 72 (51%) and 10 (7%) had cancers in the middle and upper thirds, respectively. EC was associated with tobacco use (adjusted OR (AOR), 21.02, 95%\u2009CI 5.41 to 81.69), consumption of hot tea (AOR 59.87, 95% CI 5.45 to 657.35), chewing khat (miraa, AOR 9.94, 95% CI 3.59 to 27.52), gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) (AOR 54.12, 95% CI 24.48 to 119.62), gastritis (AOR 17.89, 95% CI 2.94 to 108.989) and peptic ulcer disease (PUD) (AOR 69.31, 95% CI 14.09 to 340.9). Among the case group, 95 (65%) had surgery or gastrostomy tube placement as treatments for EC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study findings highlight modifiable risk factors for EC, including tobacco use, hot tea consumption, chewing miraa, GERD, gastritis and PUD. Targeted screening of high-risk patients may improve early detection and outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-097376","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T13:41:41Z","timestamp":1762263701000},"page":"e097376","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Oesophageal cancer and its associated factors among patients attending surgical and oncology clinics at Garissa County Referral Hospital, Kenya: a case\u2013control study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Abdi","family":"Bashir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7149-5491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moses","family":"Ngari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya"},{"name":"Wellcome Trust Programme, Kilifi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5017-1671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Berrick","family":"Otieno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya"},{"name":"Institute for Human Development, The Aga Khan University Hospital Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya"},{"name":"Research Center, North Coast Medical Training College, Kilifi, Kenya"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Makorani","family":"Y\u2019Dhidha-a-Mjidho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5003-2973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Osman","family":"Abdullahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Symon M","family":"Kariuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya"},{"name":"Early Child Development, Human Development Research, African Population & Health Research Cente, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120413251513000_15.11.e097376.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v25.i31.4512"},{"key":"2025120413251513000_15.11.e097376.2","unstructured":"Malekzadeh R , Abnet CC , Dawsey SM . Oesophageal cancer: a tale of two malignancies. In: Wild CP , Weiderpass E , Stewart BW , eds. World cancer report: cancer research for cancer prevention. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2020. Available: https:\/\/www.iccp-portal.org\/system\/files\/resources\/IARC%20World%20Cancer%20Report%202020.pdf"},{"key":"2025120413251513000_15.11.e097376.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660"},{"key":"2025120413251513000_15.11.e097376.4","unstructured":"Hosseini F , Asadi F , Emami H , et al . Machine learning applications for early detection of esophageal cancer: a systematic review. Res Sq; 2023. 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