{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T22:29:15Z","timestamp":1793831355181,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744070400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Current indicators for monitoring intraoperative organ function remain predominantly indirect, delayed and non-specific, particularly in paediatric populations undergoing congenital heart surgery, where multifactorial influences further complicate functional assessments. Emerging evidence suggests that the use of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technology to continuously monitor the regional oxygen saturation (rSO<jats:sub>\u2082<\/jats:sub>) of intraoperative organs can predict the postoperative organ functional status. This study aims to investigate the associations between intraoperative cerebral\/renal rSO<jats:sub>\u2082<\/jats:sub>fluctuations monitored by NIRS and postoperative neurological injury or acute kidney injury (AKI) in paediatric congenital heart disease (CHD) surgery.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In this prospective observational cohort study, patients \u226418 years, scheduled for CHD surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), will be enrolled after obtaining written informed consent. Exclusion criteria include pre-existing neuropsychiatric disorders, chronic kidney disease or other related disorders. Dual-channel NIRS probes will be applied to simultaneously monitor cerebral and renal rSO<jats:sub>\u2082<\/jats:sub>from anaesthesia induction until the patient is transferred to the cardiac care unit. Serum S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B) levels will be measured before CPB, at the end of the surgery and on postoperative day 1 to quantify cerebral injury. AKI will be diagnosed using the paediatric risk, injury, failure, loss, end-stage renal disease (pRIFLE) criteria based on dynamic creatinine changes. Health-related quality of life will be assessed through the paediatric quality of life (PedsQL) inventory at preoperative baseline and postoperative day 30.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study has been approved by the Institutional Review Board of Beijing Children\u2019s Hospital (approval number: [2024]-Y-093-D). Prior to enrolment, written informed consent will be obtained from the parents or legal guardians of all participating minors. The findings of this research will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and presentations at relevant conferences and shared with participating communities via lay summaries and social media platforms.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The study was registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry on 18 April 2024 (ChiCTR2400083225).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-097459","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T05:25:26Z","timestamp":1744176326000},"page":"e097459","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Near-infrared spectroscopy to monitor cerebral and renal oxygen saturation during cardiopulmonary bypass surgery for paediatric congenital heart disease: study protocol for a prospective observational cohort 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