{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T14:29:38Z","timestamp":1766068178663,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747180800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72104247"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72104247"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key R&D Program of China","award":["2018YFC2002201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC2002201"]}]},{"name":"Key R&D Program of China","award":["2021YFC2701300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2701300"]}]},{"name":"Key R&D Program of China","award":["2021YFC2701302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2701302"]}]},{"name":"National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding","award":["2022-PUMCH-A-023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-PUMCH-A-023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"\n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n To estimate the prevalence of urinary incontinence (UI) and its subtypes among nulliparous Chinese women with associated risk factors. The prevalence of UI among those living in urban or rural communities was also analysed with potential risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design<\/jats:title>\n This is a secondary analysis of epidemiological survey data on UI in Chinese women. The original study was designed as a nationwide cross-sectional study involving 56\u2009460 adult women conducted from October 2019 to December 2021.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Setting<\/jats:title>\n Seven geographic regions of China.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Participants<\/jats:title>\n Nulliparous women who were aged \u226520 years old and were permanent residents were included in this secondary analysis. Participants who had severe mental or physical disorders or were pregnant were excluded. Data on demographic characteristics, health status and medical history were collected.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Primary and secondary outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n The primary outcome was the prevalence of UI, whereas secondary outcome measures were adjusted odds ratios (aOR) for risk factor analysis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n A total of 6244 nulliparous women were included in the analysis. The prevalence of UI was 1.9% for nulliparous Chinese women, with stress, urgency and mixed UI being prevalent at 0.9%, 0.3% and 0.7%, respectively. The prevalence of UI was 2.1% and 1.6% for urban and rural subgroups. Abnormal body mass index was significantly associated with UI in the nulliparous group (underweight, aOR: 1.88, 95%\u2009CI: 1.03 to 3.45, p=0.041; overweight, aOR: 2.26, 95%\u2009CI: 1.37 to 3.73, p=0.001; and obesity, aOR: 3.64, 95%\u2009CI: 1.86 to 7.15, p<0.001) and the subgroup in urban areas (underweight, aOR: 2.43, 95%\u2009CI: 1.18 to 5.00, p=0.016; overweight, aOR: 3.31, 95%\u2009CI: 1.76 to 6.25, p<0.001; and obesity, aOR: 4.53, 95%\u2009CI: 1.88 to 10.92, p<0.001); however, no significant association was found for those in rural areas.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n UI among nulliparous women deserves greater public attention. Abnormal body mass index, including underweight status, was found to be a risk factor for UI among Chinese nulliparous women. Further research is required to investigate the mechanism underlying the association between underweight status and UI.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n The study was approved by Peking Union Medical College Ethics Committee (No. S-K970) and conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants signed consent forms before data collection. A completed STROBE checklist detailing compliance with all 22 items is provided.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-097807","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T12:15:47Z","timestamp":1747311347000},"page":"e097807","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prevalence of urinary incontinence among nulliparous women and its association with underweight body mass index: a secondary analysis of a nationwide cross-sectional study in China"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Haiyu","family":"Pang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Infrastructures for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tangdi","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric & Gynecologic Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-Care Hospital, Gansu Provincial Central Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luwen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hangmei","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liyan","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pelvic Floor Rehabilitation, Hubei Maternity and Childcare Hospital, Hubei Province Women and Children Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingyan","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aiyang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Miyun District Hospital, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1138-552X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lubin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lifei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, Shijiazhuang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanqiu","family":"Luan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Beijing Dongcheng District, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, Shanxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiping","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, Guangdong Province Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yingjie","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Women's Health, Harbin Maternal and Child Health Care and Family Planning Service Center, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jumin","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, Shenyang Women's and Children's Hospital, Shenyang, Liaoning, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Haidian District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiming","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Yanqing District, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renfeng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abraham N","family":"Morse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of OBGYN, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingyi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric & Gynecologic Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5753-5426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric & Gynecologic Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121409285913000_15.5.e097807.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.10052"},{"key":"2025121409285913000_15.5.e097807.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2024.02.307","article-title":"Urinary incontinence increases risk of postpartum depression: systematic review and 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