{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T06:35:46Z","timestamp":1776753346869,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757980800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000090","name":"Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["pending"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["pending"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000090","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014040","name":"Peer Reviewed Alzheimer\u2019s Research Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HT9425-24-1-0462"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HT9425-24-1-0462"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014040","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009408","name":"Fondation Brain Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["6200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009408","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["523320-NWT-CAAA-37499"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["523320-NWT-CAAA-37499"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although as many as 92% of survivors of physical intimate partner violence (IPV) report impacts to the head and\/or non-fatal strangulation (NFS) that raise clinical suspicion of brain injury (BI), there are no evidence-based methods to document and characterise BI in this vulnerable population, limited clinical practice guidelines and insufficient understanding about long-term risks for conditions including Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Related Dementias (ADRD). This leaves most survivors of IPV-caused BI (IPV-BI), overwhelmingly women, without adequate access to medical care and support, safe housing, back-to-school\/work accommodations or follow-up care for long-term neurocognitive health. Although traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an established ADRD risk factor, little is known about the attributable risk of ADRD due to IPV-BI, particularly in women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods of analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our overarching objectives are to (1) use plasma biomarkers as novel tools to assist clinicians to improve diagnosis of IPV-BI at the acute, subacute and chronic stages in a manner sensitive to the needs of this vulnerable population and (2) raise awareness of the importance of considering IPV-BI as a potential ADRD risk factor. A prospective observational study funded by the US Department of Defense (HT9425-24-1-0462), Brain Canada (6200) and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (523320-NWT-CAAA-37499) leverages collaborative research at multiple clinical sites in British Columbia to maximise equity, diversity and inclusion among participants, with a target enrolment of n=600 participants.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>The Advocates, Academics, Survivors and Clinicians to END Intimate Partner Violence Biomarkers study, which is predicated on pre-specified research questions, represents one of the most significant community-based studies on plasma biomarkers affected by an IPV-BI incident. Of particular significance is the fact our study uses robust biomarker approaches being applied in the TBI and ADRD fields to determine how the biomarker profile after IPV-BI compares to typical TBI and the early stage of neurodegenerative disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study was approved by the University of British Columbia Clinical Research Ethics Board (H24-01990, H22-02241 and H16-02792) and the Island Health Research Ethics Board (H22-03510). Upon publication of primary papers, de-identified data and biospecimens will be made widely available, including the US Federal Interagency Traumatic Brain Injury Research (FITBIR) federated database. Our data and integrated knowledge translation activities with persons with lived experience of IPV-BI and those working in the healthcare sector will be synthesised into co-designed and implemented knowledge tools to improve outcomes for survivors of IPV-BI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-098025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T06:25:21Z","timestamp":1758090321000},"page":"e098025","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Advocates, Academics, Survivors and Clinicians to END Intimate Partner Violence (ASCEND-IPV) initiative: a prospective observational case\u2013control study protocol to identify plasma biomarkers of intimate partner violence (IPV)-caused brain injury (BI)"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Megan I","family":"Harper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"McKinney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"McLennan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shambhu P","family":"Adhikari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Ghodsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer G","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Stukas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naomi","family":"Maldonado-Rodroguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Agbay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tessa","family":"Morelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Setareh","family":"Nouri Zadeh-Tehrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bradi R","family":"Lorenz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krystal","family":"Rothlander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan D","family":"Smirl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Colin","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Okanagan College, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Georgia F","family":"Symons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Brand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian R","family":"Christie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"},{"name":"University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jodie","family":"Gawryluk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aimee","family":"Falkenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Varto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Embrace Clinic, Fraser Health Authority, Surrey, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Mason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Supporting Survivors of Abuse and Brain Injury through Research, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandy R","family":"Shultz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"van Donkelaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7014-039X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheryl Lea","family":"Wellington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(02)11133-0"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743720939676","article-title":"Recognizing and Responding to Intimate Partner Violence: An Update","volume":"66","author":"Stewart","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.3","unstructured":"Cotter A . Intimate partner violence in Canada, 2018: an overview. 2021."},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.4","unstructured":"Violence against Women (Violence against women). World Health Organization, 2021."},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838019850623"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1007\/s40471-022-00302-y","article-title":"The Prevalence of Brain Injury Among Survivors and Perpetrators of Intimate Partner Violence and the Prevalence of Violence Victimization and Perpetration Among People With Brain Injury: a Scoping Review","volume":"9","author":"Campbell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Epidemiol Rep"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7028.33.1.39"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380241275979","article-title":"A Scoping Review of Intimate Partner Violence Research in Canada","volume":"26","author":"Wathen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2014.2668","article-title":"Dementia Risk After Traumatic Brain Injury vs Nonbrain Trauma","volume":"71","author":"Gardner","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.71.4.797"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2018.5734"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1080\/09602011.2020.1868537","article-title":"The neuropsychological outcomes of non-fatal strangulation in domestic and sexual violence: A systematic review","volume":"32","author":"Bichard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rehabil"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2016.6311","article-title":"The Effects of Intimate Partner Violence and Probable Traumatic Brain Injury on Central Nervous System Symptoms","volume":"27","author":"Campbell","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Womens Health (Larchmt)"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1080\/10926771.2019.1628154","article-title":"Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) and Neurological Outcomes: A Review for Practitioners","volume":"28","author":"Monahan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Aggress Maltreat Trauma"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-016-9643-1","article-title":"Brain injury in women experiencing intimate partner-violence: neural mechanistic evidence of an \u201cinvisible\u201d trauma","volume":"11","author":"Valera","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838007301160"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-024-01610-9","article-title":"Iranian Immigrant Women\u2019s Experiences of Intimate Partner Violence: A Literature Review","volume":"26","author":"Niroomand","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Immigrant Minority Health"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2264","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380231209738","article-title":"Risk and Protective Factors Associated With Intimate Partner Violence with Gay Men: A Scoping Review","volume":"25","author":"Domingos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trauma, Violence, & Abuse"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3014","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380221122815","article-title":"Intimate Partner Violence Among Sexual Minority Women: A Scoping Review","volume":"24","author":"Porsch","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trauma, Violence, & Abuse"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1668","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2023.0440","article-title":"A Four-Country Study of Strangulation-Related Alterations in Consciousness in Women Who Have Experienced Intimate Partner Violence: Co-Occurrence with Traumatic Brain Injuries and Measures of Psychological Distress","volume":"41","author":"Adhikari","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.05.017"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/cjn.2016.290"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(74)91639-0"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/08977150260190456"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E26","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000276","article-title":"Late Functional Changes Post\u2013Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Are Related to Community Reentry Support: Results From the PariS-TBI Cohort","volume":"32","author":"Jourdan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehabil"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2008.07.007"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2016.06.005","article-title":"Non-fatal strangulation in sexual assault: A study of clinical and assault characteristics highlighting the role of intimate partner violence","volume":"43","author":"Zilkens","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Forensic Leg Med"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2007.02.065"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838007303504"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.30","unstructured":"Dunn RJ , Sukhija K , Lopez R i . StatPearls [internet]. Treasure Island (FL) StatPearls Publishing; 2025. Available: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK430685\/"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15226\/2374-6904\/3\/1\/00143","article-title":"Cerebral Artery Blood Flow and Oxygenation in the Frontal Lobe Region in Response to a Judo Chokehold (Shimewaza)","volume":"3","author":"Sakurai","year":"2016","journal-title":"JESO"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.12197","article-title":"Cervical Arterial Injury After Strangulation\u2014Different Types of Arterial Lesions","volume":"58","author":"Le Blanc\u2010Louvry","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-024-01491-4","article-title":"Cerebral Hypoxia-Induced Molecular Alterations and Their Impact on the Physiology of Neurons and Dendritic Spines: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"44","author":"Cui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.34","unstructured":"Kharsa A , Wadhwa R i . In statpearls. 2024."},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jegh.2014.09.004","article-title":"The association between disability and cognitive impairment in an elderly Tanzanian population","volume":"5","author":"Dotchin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Epidem & Global Health"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-016-9321-5","article-title":"Functional Disability in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"26","author":"Lindbergh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fri.2020.200398","article-title":"The value of MRI for assessing danger to life in nonfatal strangulation","volume":"22","author":"Gascho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Forensic Imaging"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.4314\/ajpsy.v14i4.9","article-title":"The neural correlates of intimate partner violence in women","volume":"14","author":"Flegar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Afr J Psych"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.39","first-page":"1089","article-title":"Brain morphometry in female victims of intimate partner violence with and without posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"52","author":"Fennema-Notestine","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000755","article-title":"Strangulation as an Acquired Brain Injury in Intimate\u2013Partner Violence and Its Relationship to Cognitive and Psychological Functioning: A Preliminary Study","volume":"37","author":"Valera","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehabil"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1177\/1557085116653181","article-title":"Improving Identification of Strangulation Injuries in Domestic Violence: Pilot Data From a Researcher\u2013Practitioner Collaboration","volume":"13","author":"Pritchard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fem Criminol"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2019.1658129","article-title":"Characterizing symptoms of traumatic brain injury in survivors of intimate partner violence","volume":"33","author":"Smirl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344880","DOI":"10.3389\/fgwh.2024.1344880","article-title":"Neurovascular coupling is altered in women who have a history of brain injury from intimate partner violence: a preliminary study","volume":"5","author":"Wallace","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Glob Womens Health"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"NP4684","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260520959621","article-title":"Structural Brain Alterations in Female Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence","volume":"37","author":"Daugherty","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2024.09.030","article-title":"Pathophysiology, blood biomarkers, and functional deficits after intimate partner violence-related brain injury: Insights from emergency department patients and a new rat model","volume":"123","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.46","unstructured":"Alzheimer\u2019s Society of Canada, Available: https:\/\/alzheimer.ca\/en\/about-dementia\/what-dementia\/dementia-numbers-canada"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2865","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12901","article-title":"The worldwide costs of dementia in 2019","volume":"19","author":"Wimo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimer's & Dementia"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-230700","article-title":"Investigating Sex Differences in Risk and Protective Factors in the Progression of Mild Cognitive Impairment to Dementia: A Systematic Review","volume":"97","author":"Martin","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAD"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-021-03830-w"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00064-X"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.VV-D-16-00118"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.52","first-page":"1079","article-title":"Neuropsychological function in female victims of intimate partner violence with and without posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"52","author":"Stein","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.53","unstructured":"Jellinger KA . Neuropathology of the Alzheimer\u2019s continuum: an update. Free Neuropathol 2020;1. Available: https:\/\/doi.org:10.17879\/freeneuropathology-2020-3050"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-02988-7"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12157"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.123.19943"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2021.03.007"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-020-02215-w"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcad173","article-title":"Altered longitudinal structural connectome in paediatric mild traumatic brain injury: an Advancing Concussion Assessment in Paediatrics study","volume":"5","author":"Ware","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Communications"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/imag_a_00273"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2018.1429018","article-title":"Diffuse axonal injury after traumatic brain injury is a prognostic factor for functional outcome: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"van Eijck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63954-7.00028-8"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa071","article-title":"Tau immunophenotypes in chronic traumatic encephalopathy recapitulate those of ageing and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"143","author":"Arena","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain (Bacau)"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-023-02646-1"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tiemensma M , Byard RW , Vink R , et al . Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) in the context of longstanding intimate partner violence. Acta Neuropathol 2024;148. doi:10.1007\/s00401-024-02757-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-024-02757-3"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nlab015","article-title":"Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)-Type Neuropathology in a Young Victim of Domestic Abuse","volume":"80","author":"Danielsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26952","article-title":"Accelerated Aging after Traumatic Brain Injury: An enigma multi\u2010cohort mega\u2010analysis","volume":"96","author":"Dennis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573401","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.573401","article-title":"Traumatic Brain Injury Exposure Lowers Age of Cognitive Decline in AD and Non-AD Conditions","volume":"12","author":"Iacono","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-221224","article-title":"Association of Traumatic Brain Injury with Late Life Neuropathological Outcomes in a Community-Based Cohort","volume":"93","author":"Gibbons","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAD"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.9311","article-title":"Association of Traumatic Brain Injury With and Without Loss of Consciousness With Neuropathologic Outcomes in Community-Dwelling Older Persons","volume":"5","author":"Agrawal","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5143","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13859","article-title":"Revised criteria for diagnosis and staging of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Alzheimer\u2019s Association Workgroup","volume":"20","author":"Jack","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s &Amp; Dementia"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.02.018","article-title":"NIA\u2010AA Research Framework: Toward a biological definition of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Jack","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s &Amp; Dementia"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.119.235879"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2019.11.019","article-title":"An update on fluid biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases: recent success and challenges ahead","volume":"61","author":"Simr\u00e9n","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1590\/1980-57642020dn14-030005","article-title":"Moving from neurodegenerative dementias, to cognitive proteinopathies, replacing \u201cwhere\u201d by \u201cwhat\u201d\u2026","volume":"14","author":"Allegri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dement neuropsychol"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aus\u00f3 E , G\u00f3mez-Vicente V , Esquiva G . Biomarkers for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Early Diagnosis. J Pers Med 2020;10. Available: https:\/\/doi.org:10.3390\/jpm10030114","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm10030114"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.276326"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lombardi G , Crescioli G , Cavedo E , et al . Structural magnetic resonance imaging for the early diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer\u2019s disease in people with mild cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020;3. doi:10.1002\/14651858.CD009628.pub2","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009628.pub2"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2020.01.006","article-title":"Magnetic Resonance Texture Analysis in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"27","author":"Cai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acad Radiol"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vernooji MW , Van Buchem MA . In Diseases of the Brain, Head and Neck, Spine 2020\u20132023: Diagnostic Imaging:131\u201342.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-38490-6_11"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-020-00395-3","article-title":"Neuroimaging advances regarding subjective cognitive decline in preclinical Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegener"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01925-w"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2022.4485","article-title":"Association of Phosphorylated Tau Biomarkers With Amyloid Positron Emission Tomography vs Tau Positron Emission Tomography","volume":"80","author":"Therriault","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-023-00403-3","article-title":"Blood biomarkers for Alzheimer\u2019s disease in clinical practice and trials","volume":"3","author":"Hansson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Aging"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2669","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12756","article-title":"The Alzheimer\u2019s Association appropriate use recommendations for blood biomarkers in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"18","author":"Hansson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimer's & Dementia"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.13855","article-title":"Blood Biomarkers to Detect Alzheimer Disease in Primary Care and Secondary Care","volume":"332","author":"Palmqvist","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000851"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00361-6"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/089771502753754037"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2008.0586"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2013.3019"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30232-7"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2020.7140"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.102785","article-title":"Blood biomarkers on admission in acute traumatic brain injury: Relations to severity, CT findings and care path in the CENTER-TBI study","volume":"56","author":"Czeiter","year":"2020","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1080\/14737159.2021.2005583","article-title":"Blood-based traumatic brain injury biomarkers \u2013 Clinical utilities and regulatory pathways in the United States, Europe and Canada","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Rev Mol Diagn"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2014.3548"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-022-01413-9","article-title":"Neuropathology in chronic traumatic encephalopathy: a systematic review of comparative post-mortem histology literature","volume":"10","author":"Murray","year":"2022","journal-title":"acta neuropathol commun"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1080\/14737159.2024.2306876","article-title":"The game changer: UCH-L1 and GFAP-based blood test as the first marketed in vitro diagnostic test for mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"24","author":"Kobeissy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Rev Mol Diagn"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16316","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-01511-3","article-title":"Promising clinical tools for specific Alzheimer disease diagnosis from plasma pTau217 and ApoE genotype in a cognitive disorder unit","volume":"15","author":"\u00c1lvarez-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2021.0099"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0000000000001776","article-title":"Blood Biomarkers and Structural Imaging Correlations Post-Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review","volume":"90","author":"Whitehouse","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.08.029","article-title":"The biological significance and clinical utility of emerging blood biomarkers for traumatic brain injury","volume":"130","author":"Huibregtse","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.103","first-page":"405","article-title":"Neurochemical Markers of Traumatic Brain Injury: Relevance to Acute Diagnostics, Disease Monitoring, and Neuropsychiatric Outcome Prediction","volume":"91","author":"Shahim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.5598","article-title":"Neurologic Prognostication After Cardiac Arrest Using Brain Biomarkers: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"79","author":"Hoiland","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.319157"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2023.0050","article-title":"Alzheimer Disease Blood Biomarkers in Patients With Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest","volume":"80","author":"Ashton","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.08.022"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.108","unstructured":"Silverberg ND . Updated American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine Diagnostic Criteria for Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2022."},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2022.0357","article-title":"Screening for Brain Injury Sustained in the Context of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV): Measure Development and Preliminary Utility of the Brain Injury Screening Questionnaire IPV Module","volume":"40","author":"Dams-O\u2019Connor","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.110","unstructured":"Institute C . GP41 Collection of Diagnostic Venous Blood Specimens. 2017."},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12510","article-title":"Characterization of pre\u2010analytical sample handling effects on a panel of Alzheimer\u2019s disease\u2013related blood\u2010based biomarkers: Results from the Standardization of Alzheimer\u2019s Blood Biomarkers (SABB) working group","volume":"18","author":"Verberk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimer's & Dementia"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/39.7.1461","article-title":"Governmental perspectives on evaluating laboratory performance","volume":"39","author":"Boone","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2021.09.001"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2023.110680","article-title":"Age specific reference intervals for plasma biomarkers of neurodegeneration and neurotrauma in a Canadian population","volume":"121\u2013122","author":"Cooper","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/chp.47"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-094848"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wathen CN , MacGregor JC , Sibbald SL , et al . Exploring the uptake and framing of research evidence on universal screening for intimate partner violence against women: a knowledge translation case study. Health Res Policy Sys 2013;11. doi:10.1186\/1478-4505-11-13","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-4505-11-13"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-020-00417-0","article-title":"A global collaboration to study intimate partner violence-related head trauma: The ENIGMA consortium IPV working group","volume":"15","author":"Esopenko","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.10.179"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matteis A , Maiese A , Chinotti F , et al . Dedicated care pathways in italian hospital emergency rooms for women who are victims of violence and abuse. In: Italian National Guidelines (DPCM 24.11.2017 - G.U. 2020: 38\u201342. Available: https:\/\/doi.org:10.1177\/0025817220935906","DOI":"10.1177\/0025817220935906"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ebn.8.3.68"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1089\/whr.2020.0097","article-title":"Using Behavior Change Theory to Understand How to Support Screening for Traumatic Brain Injuries Among Women Who Have Experienced Intimate Partner Violence","volume":"2","author":"Nicol","year":"2021","journal-title":"Women\u2019s Health Reports"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.123","article-title":"Delivering Evidence-Based Online Concussion Education to Medical and Healthcare Professionals: The Concussion Awareness Training Tool (CATT)","volume":"2020","author":"Babul","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Sports Med (Hindawi Publ Corp)"},{"key":"2026042022351314000_15.9.e098025.124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469580231169335","DOI":"10.1177\/00469580231169335","article-title":"The Concussion Awareness Training Tool for Women\u2019s Support Workers Improves Knowledge of Intimate Partner Violence-Caused Brain Injury","volume":"60","author":"Nicol","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inquiry"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-098025","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T05:35:40Z","timestamp":1776749740000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-098025"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"references-count":124,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-098025"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-098025","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}}}