{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T23:15:26Z","timestamp":1764890126966,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760918400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":19,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30DK040561"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30DK040561"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NU2GGH002387","NU2GGH002466"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NU2GGH002387","NU2GGH002466"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201910MFE-430812-197459"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201910MFE-430812-197459"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5R01HD083113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R01HD083113"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fostering Diversity in HIV Research Program at the National Institutes of Health","award":["R25MH119857"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R25MH119857"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Infants born to pregnant women living with HIV (WLHIV) are at greater risk for morbidity and mortality and may also have poorer developmental outcomes as compared with infants who are not exposed to HIV. Nutrition interventions in pregnancy may affect developmental outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study evaluated the effect of maternal vitamin D supplementation on infant development outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a secondary analysis of a randomised, triple-blind, placebo-controlled trial of maternal vitamin D supplementation from June 2015 to October 2019.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Antenatal care clinics in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pregnant WLHIV and their offspring.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interventions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Daily 3000 IU vitamin D\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      or placebo supplements taken during pregnancy and lactation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Infants were assessed for cognitive, language and motor development at 1 year of age with the Caregiver Reported Early Development Instruments (CREDI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 2167 infants were eligible, and 1312 of them completed CREDI assessments at 1 year of age. Vitamin D supplementation had no effect on overall CREDI z-scores (standardised mean difference (SMD) 0.03, 95%\u2009CI \u22120.09, 0.15, p value 0.66). There was also no evidence of a difference between vitamin D and placebo groups in language (SMD 0.06, 95%\u2009CI \u22120.08, 0.21, p value 0.40), motor (SMD 0.02, 95%\u2009CI \u22120.09, 0.14, p value 0.69) or cognitive domain z-scores (SMD 0.05, 95%\u2009CI \u22120.08, 0.17, p 0.48).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Maternal vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy and lactation did not affect infant development outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      ClinicalTrials.gov identifier:\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"clintrialgov\" xlink:href=\"NCT02305927\">NCT02305927<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-098723","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T08:00:23Z","timestamp":1761033623000},"page":"e098723","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy and lactation on the development of infants born to Tanzanian women living with HIV: a secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct02305927","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct02305927","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"given":"Temiwunmi","family":"Shobanke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4477-7300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfa","family":"Muhihi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Africa Academy for Public Health, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nandita","family":"Perumal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nzovu","family":"Ulenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Management and Development for Health, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fadhlun M Alwy","family":"Al-Beity","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher P","family":"Duggan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. 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