{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T10:09:07Z","timestamp":1758190147025,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757980800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Istanbul Research and Education in Anesthesia (IREA) NETwork on behalf of the Cardio-Vascular-Thoracic Anesthesia and Intensive Care Society"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Early and balanced replacement of blood products appears to be the key factor in improving outcomes of major bleeding patients including acute trauma, cardiac, obstetric and transplant surgery patients. Definitive clinical guidance regarding the optimal ratio of blood products, including those containing fibrinogen, is still lacking. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that increasing the fibrinogen content to erythrocyte suspension ratio improves the mortality and functional outcomes of patients undergoing surgeries with expected major bleeding.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The Approximate Dose-Equivalent of Fibrinogen-to-Erythrocyte Suspension (ADEFES) ratio is a multicentre, prospective, observational, cohort study of patients undergoing major surgical procedures with expected major perioperative bleeding (ie, requiring packed red blood cells (PRBC)&gt;4U\/24\u2009hours). For 5U of cryoprecipitate and 1.5 U of fresh frozen plasma (FFP), the approximate dose-equivalent for fibrinogen is considered as 1\u2009gram of fibrinogen. Association of the ADEFES ratio at 24 hours will be assessed on the primary objective, which will consist of the composite of 30-day all-cause mortality, 30-day bleeding-specific mortality and the \u2018highly-dependent scores\u2019 of Katz index of independence in activities of daily living.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Ankara Bilkent City Hospital (approval no. E2-23-4265, dated 07 June 2023; Chair: Prof. Dr. F.E. Canpolat) and by the institutional review boards of all participating centres. The study will be conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines, as well as in compliance with national regulations on data protection and Good Clinical Practice standards. Written informed consent will be obtained from all participants prior to inclusion in the study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The results of this study will be disseminated through peer-reviewed scientific journals, presentations at national and international conferences, and communication with relevant stakeholders including clinical practitioners and healthcare institutions. If applicable, study outcomes will also be shared via institutional newsletters and digital platforms to reach a broader audience in the medical community.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                     <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"clintrialgov\" xlink:href=\"NCT06021184\">NCT06021184<\/jats:ext-link>.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-099044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T06:25:42Z","timestamp":1758090342000},"page":"e099044","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of fibrinogen-to-erythrocyte suspension ratio on mortality and functional outcomes in major perioperative bleeding (Approximate Dose-Equivalent of Fibrinogen-to-Erythrocyte Suspension (ADEFES) study): protocol for a prospective observational study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct06021184","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct06021184","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3053-0443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Z Asli","family":"Demir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Gulhane Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3647-7516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatma","family":"Kavak Akelma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ozan","family":"Ak\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Neuro-anesthesia & Neuro-critical care, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5126-1425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kemalettin","family":"Koltka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9503-7516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beril","family":"Din\u00e7er","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0615-6025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muharrem","family":"Kocyigit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6764-2647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ay\u00e7a Ta\u015f","family":"Tuna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Sakarya University Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya, Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Sakarya Education and Research Hospital, Sakarya, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7848-3685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00fclide","family":"Say\u0131n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Kartal Dr L\u00fctfi K\u0131rdar Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Hamidiye Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5867-0897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arzu","family":"Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Ar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Hamidiye Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Training and Research Hospital, \u0130stanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bahar","family":"Kuvaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Dokuz Eylul University School of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0382-3494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aslihan","family":"Aykut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Gulhane Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7765-5297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayca 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