{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T03:48:45Z","timestamp":1793764125257,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741219200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000056","name":"National Institute of Nursing Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01NR020539"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NR020539"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000056","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR002494"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR002494"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mobile food markets may help to mitigate diet-related and weight-related inequities by bringing low-cost, nutritious food directly to underserved populations. By stocking foods to meet a range of dietary needs, full-service mobile markets may improve multiple aspects of diet, food security and fruit and vegetable procurement with a convenient one-stop shop.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cluster randomised trial is evaluating the impact of a full-service mobile market, the Twin Cities Mobile Market (TCMM). The TCMM sells staple foods at affordable prices from a retrofitted bus that regularly visits communities experiencing low incomes. The trial\u2019s primary outcome is participant diet quality. Secondary outcomes include intake of specific foods and nutrients, food security and servings of fruits and vegetables procured for the home.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Together with our partners, we enrolled four subsidised community housing sites in three waves (12 total sites), aimed to recruit 22 participants per site (N=264) and collected baseline data. Sites were then randomised to either receive the full-service TCMM intervention or serve as a waitlist control, and the full-service TCMM began implementing at intervention sites. Follow-up data collection is occurring at 6 months post-implementation. After follow-up data collection for each wave, the full-service TCMM intervention is being implemented at the waitlist control sites. Waves 1 and 2 are complete and Wave 3 is in progress.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>At baseline and follow-up data collection, dietary quality and intake are being assessed through three, interviewer-administered, 24-hour dietary recalls, food insecurity is being assessed by the 18-item Food Security Screening Module and fruit and vegetable procurement is being measured by collecting one month of food procurement tracking forms.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>We will use intent-to-treat analyses to determine if participant diet quality, food security and procurement of fruits and vegetables improve in the sites that received the full-service TCMM intervention relative to the participants in the waitlist control condition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Trial procedures have been approved by the University of Minnesota Institutional Review Board. We plan to disseminate main outcomes in Grant Year 5 in both scientific and community spaces.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      ClinicalTrials.gov:\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"clintrialgov\" xlink:href=\"NCT05672186\">NCT05672186<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-099414","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T07:10:16Z","timestamp":1741331416000},"page":"e099414","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Evaluating the impact of a full-service mobile food market on food security, diet quality and food purchases: a cluster randomised trial protocol and design paper"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct05672186","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct05672186","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct05672186","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8616-4297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa L","family":"Horning","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristen S","family":"Gorman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Food Group, New Hope, Minnesota, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jayne A","family":"Fulkerson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2032-0875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julian","family":"Wolfson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biostatistics and Health Data Science, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa N","family":"Laska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Harnack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121402422426000_15.3.e099414.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-015-0162-z"},{"key":"2025121402422426000_15.3.e099414.2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Leading causes of death. Available: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/fastats\/leading-causes-of-death.htm [Accessed 13 Jan 2025]."},{"key":"2025121402422426000_15.3.e099414.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2011.07.003"},{"key":"2025121402422426000_15.3.e099414.4","article-title":"Using mobile fruit vendors to increase access to fresh fruit and vegetables for schoolchildren","volume":"9","author":"Tester","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prev Chronic Dis"},{"key":"2025121402422426000_15.3.e099414.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2014.03.026","article-title":"Overcoming challenges to effectiveness of mobile markets in US food deserts","volume":"79","author":"Zepeda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"2025121402422426000_15.3.e099414.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd12.140583","article-title":"Effectiveness of Fresh to You, a Discount Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Market in Low-Income Neighborhoods, on Children\u2019s Fruit and Vegetable Consumption, Rhode Island, 2010-2011","volume":"12","author":"Gorham","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prev Chronic Dis"},{"key":"2025121402422426000_15.3.e099414.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980017003755","article-title":"Mobile produce market influences access to fruits and vegetables in an urban environment","volume":"21","author":"Hsiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"2025121402422426000_15.3.e099414.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-018-0704-2","article-title":"Multilevel approaches to increase fruit and vegetable intake in low-income housing communities: final results of the \u201cLive Well, Viva Bien\u201d cluster-randomized trial","volume":"15","author":"Gans","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"key":"2025121402422426000_15.3.e099414.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-017-0637-1","article-title":"Cluster randomized controlled trial of a mobile market intervention to increase fruit and vegetable intake among adults in lower-income communities in North Carolina","volume":"15","author":"Leone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"key":"2025121402422426000_15.3.e099414.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2020.02.016","article-title":"Full-Service Twin Cities Mobile Market Impact: Qualitative Findings From Focus Groups With Customers","volume":"120","author":"Horning","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Acad Nutr Diet"},{"key":"2025121402422426000_15.3.e099414.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1111\/phn.13202","article-title":"Differences in mobile food market customer outcomes between 2019 and 2021","volume":"40","author":"Horning","year":"2023","journal-title":"Public Health Nurs"},{"key":"2025121402422426000_15.3.e099414.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horning ML , Alver B , Porter L , et al . Food insecurity, food-related characteristics and behaviors, and fruit and vegetable intake in mobile market customers. Appetite 2021;166. doi:10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105466"},{"key":"2025121402422426000_15.3.e099414.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1080\/19320248.2019.1654426","article-title":"Twin Cities Mobile Market Food Delivery Model: A Preliminary Study Describing Results of A Customer Intercept Survey and Point of Sale Data for 2016","volume":"15","author":"Horning","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hunger Environ Nutr"},{"key":"2025121402422426000_15.3.e099414.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thaler RH , Sunstein CR , Balz JP . Choice architecture. In: The behavioral foundations of public policy. 2013: 428\u201339.","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctv550cbm.31"},{"key":"2025121402422426000_15.3.e099414.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114516001653"},{"key":"2025121402422426000_15.3.e099414.16","unstructured":"Harnack L , Laska MN , Horning ML . Nutrition Stocking Guidance for Full-Service Mobile Markets, Available: https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/11299\/269389 [Accessed 15 Jan 2025]."},{"key":"2025121402422426000_15.3.e099414.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muthya S , Laska MN , Fulkerson J , et al . Food pricing inequities: Quantifying the price differential across four major food retailers and a mobile food market aiming to improve access to affordable nutritious food. West J Nurs Res 2024;46. doi:10.1177\/01939459241233357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2025.05.196"},{"key":"2025121402422426000_15.3.e099414.18","unstructured":"Sparks D , Rudd C , Dahms GH , et al . 1017 good food access program: 2016 minnesota statutes. 2016."},{"key":"2025121402422426000_15.3.e099414.19","unstructured":"United States Department of Agriculture . GUSNIP nutrition incentive grant. Available: https:\/\/portal.nifa.usda.gov\/web\/crisprojectpages\/1027414-gusnip-nutrition-incentive-grant.html [Accessed 13 Jan 2025]."},{"key":"2025121402422426000_15.3.e099414.20","unstructured":"Economic Research Service United States Department of Agriculture . U.S. household food security survey module. Available: https:\/\/www.ers.usda.gov\/media\/8271\/hh2012.pdf [Accessed 7 Aug 2023]."},{"key":"2025121402422426000_15.3.e099414.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxz218"},{"key":"2025121402422426000_15.3.e099414.22","unstructured":"United States Department of Agriculture ERS . Food access research atlas. Available: https:\/\/www.ers.usda.gov\/data-products\/food-access-research-atlas\/go-to-the-atlas [Accessed 10 Jan 2025]."},{"key":"2025121402422426000_15.3.e099414.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8223(93)92241-O"},{"key":"2025121402422426000_15.3.e099414.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00031305.2016.1154108"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-099414","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]],"date-time":"2025-12-14T10:42:34Z","timestamp":1765708954000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-099414"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-099414"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-099414","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}}}