{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T08:56:30Z","timestamp":1763628990808,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763424000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The high prevalence of developmental delays among young children poses significant barriers to long-term social mobility in low-income and middle-income countries. Digital interventions aimed at early childhood development (ECD) have shown promise in improving developmental outcomes, yet scalable and effective strategies remain under-explored. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a digitally delivered parenting intervention to improve early child development in rural China.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We design a parallel cluster-randomised controlled trial to evaluate a 12-month digitally delivered ECD intervention in rural China. Key inclusion criteria are households with children aged 6\u201324 months and without relocation intentions. Key exclusion criteria are children with a severe disability. Participants are masked to treatment assignment. The project implements village-level interventions in three counties in central China, involving 70 villages (clusters). Implementation involves two phases: the preparatory phase and the online phase, in which \u2018Parenting the Future\u2019 curriculum will be delivered through a newly developed mobile application. During the preparatory phase, county-level parenting trainers will conduct weekly home visits to each sampled household. In the online phase, caregivers will primarily access weekly parenting training through prerecorded videos on a mobile application. Trainers will conduct short, fortnightly home visits to manage toys and picture books loaned through the same application in accordance with the training. The planned total treatment involves 48 sessions over 1 year. Assessments were conducted via home visits at baseline and endline. The primary outcomes include cognitive development measured with the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, third edition and social-emotional development measured with the age and stage questionnaire: social emotional. Secondary outcomes include caregiver engagement and the home learning environment measured by family care indicators and responsive caregiving rating scale. The trial aims to test the effectiveness and scalability of a hybrid ECD intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ethical approval for this study has been obtained from the Institutional Review Board of Southwestern University of Finance and Economics. Informed consent will be obtained from all participants, with appropriate measures in place to ensure participant confidentiality. Results from the study will be shared through academic publications, policy briefs and presentations to government stakeholders and international organisations, contributing to policy discussions on the scalability of digital ECD interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      AEA RCT Registry (AEARCTR-0013908); ISRCTN Registry (\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"isrctn\" xlink:href=\"ISRCTN15854033\">ISRCTN15854033<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      ).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-099427","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T08:51:34Z","timestamp":1763628694000},"page":"e099427","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of the \u2018digital plus\u2019 approach to upscaling early childhood development services in rural China: study protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"isrctn15854033","registry":"10.18810\/isrctn"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0481-8733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boya","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford Centre on China\u2019s Economy and Institutions, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuyin","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford Centre on China\u2019s Economy and Institutions, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yiwei","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Economics and Management, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shanshan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Finance and Taxation, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, Hubei, China"},{"name":"Centre for International Cooperation and Disciplinary Innovation of Income Distribution and Public Finance (111 Centre), Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, Hubei, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanwen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford Centre on China\u2019s Economy and Institutions, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Reiling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford Centre on China\u2019s Economy and Institutions, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Rozelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford Centre on China\u2019s Economy and Institutions, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0600888103"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(07)60076-2"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(16)30266-2"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/11.9.571","article-title":"Experience-based brain development: Scientific underpinnings of the importance of early child development in a global world","volume":"11","author":"Mustard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(16)31389-7"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010814-015128"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12238","article-title":"The Impact of Parenting on Emotion Regulation During Childhood and Adolescence","volume":"11","author":"Morris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Dev Perspectives"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003602","article-title":"Parenting interventions to promote early child development in the first three years of life: A global systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Jeong","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0002473","article-title":"Measuring the cost-effectiveness of a home-visiting intervention to promote early child development among rural families linked to the Rwandan social protection system","volume":"3","author":"Desmond","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLOS Glob Public Health"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2379-3988.2011.tb00067.x","article-title":"Quality of Early Childhood Development Programs in Global Contexts: Rationale for Investment, Conceptual Framework and Implications for Equity and commentaries","volume":"25","author":"Britto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soc Policy Rep"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-014-0606-z","article-title":"Predictors of and barriers to service use for children at risk of ADHD: longitudinal study","volume":"24","author":"Sayal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.5172\/jamh.2013.11.2.131","article-title":"Parents\u2019 experience of seeking help for children with mental health problems","volume":"11","author":"Boulter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv Mental Health"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.437"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0145445512465307"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2015.10.012","article-title":"Reviewing the need for technological and other expansions of evidence-based parent training for young children","volume":"59","author":"McGoron","year":"2015","journal-title":"Child Youth Serv Rev"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/wvn.12040"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecresq.2015.05.003","article-title":"Technology-assisted Interventions for Parents of Young Children: Emerging Practices, Current Research, and Future Directions","volume":"33","author":"Hall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Early Child Res Q"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559508322446"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.19","unstructured":"Madden M . Internet penetration and impact. 2006."},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e33528","article-title":"Digital technology access, labor market behavior, and income inequality in rural China","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0271121409354782"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1037\/fam0000605","article-title":"Do online parenting programs create change?: A meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"Spencer","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Fam Psychol"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0001121","article-title":"Reliability and validity of an observation-based parent-child interaction rating scale for Chinese children aged 0-6 years","volume":"34","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.24","unstructured":"Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People\u2019s Republic of China . Statistical bulletin on the development of the communications industry, 2023. 2024. Available: https:\/\/www.gov.cn\/lianbo\/bumen\/202401\/content_6928019.htm"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112545","article-title":"Using community health workers to deliver a scalable integrated parenting program in rural China: A cluster-randomized controlled trial","volume":"239","author":"Luo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S69","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-0788C","article-title":"Enhancing pediatric mental health care: report from the American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on Mental Health. Introduction","volume":"125 Suppl 3","author":"Foy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31659-2","article-title":"Early childhood development: the foundation of sustainable development","volume":"389","author":"Daelmans","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60112-3","article-title":"Strategies to avoid the loss of developmental potential in more than 200 million children in the developing world","volume":"369","author":"Engle","year":"2007","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2013.08.008"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2016.0048","article-title":"Digital Parent Training for Children with Disruptive Behaviors: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials","volume":"26","author":"Baumel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)90001-6","article-title":"Nutritional supplementation, psychosocial stimulation, and mental development of stunted children: the Jamaican Study","volume":"338","author":"Grantham-McGregor","year":"1991","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2021.105686","article-title":"Passive versus active service delivery: Comparing the effects of two parenting interventions on early cognitive development in rural China","volume":"149","author":"Sylvia","year":"2022","journal-title":"World Dev"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.33","unstructured":"National Bureau of Statistics of China . Communiqu\u00e9 of the seventh national population census (no.6)\u2014educational attainment. 2021. Available: https:\/\/www.stats.gov.cn\/english\/PressRelease\/202105\/t20210510_1817191.html"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/15.2.237"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)09551-X","article-title":"Zinc supplementation during pregnancy and effects on mental development and behaviour of infants: a follow-up study","volume":"360","author":"Hamadani","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/74.3.381","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of the effect of zinc supplementation on the mental development of Bangladeshi infants","volume":"74","author":"Hamadani","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2645","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.10.2645","article-title":"Psychosocial Stimulation Improves the Development of Undernourished Children in Rural Bangladesh","volume":"136","author":"Hamadani","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e366","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30535-7","article-title":"Integrating an early childhood development programme into Bangladeshi primary health-care services: an open-label, cluster-randomised controlled trial","volume":"7","author":"Hamadani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-005578","article-title":"Early childhood development and parental training interventions in rural China: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Emmers","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1080\/03004430.2020.1784890","article-title":"Family Environment In Rural China And The Link With Early Childhood Development","volume":"192","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Early Child Dev Care"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1093\/ej\/ueaa114","article-title":"From Quantity to Quality: Delivering a Home-Based Parenting Intervention Through China\u2019s Family Planning Cadres","volume":"131","author":"Sylvia","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Economic Journal"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2023.103166","article-title":"Parental investment, school choice, and the persistent benefits of an early childhood intervention","volume":"165","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Dev Econ"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S419","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20090171","article-title":"Interaction Rating Scale (IRS) as an evidence-based practical index of children\u2019s social skills and parenting","volume":"20 Suppl 2","author":"Anme","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.44","first-page":"386","article-title":"Preliminary development and evaluation of the Responsive Caregiving Rating Scale for children aged 0 to 4 years","volume":"30","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin J Child Health Care"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2024.106596","article-title":"Caregivers\u2019 parenting beliefs, practices, and child developmental outcomes: Evidence from randomized controlled trials in rural China","volume":"178","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"World Dev"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-023-01583-0","article-title":"I Know What to Do; I Can Do It; It Will Work: The Brief Parental Self Efficacy Scale (BPSES) for Parenting Interventions","volume":"56","author":"Woolgar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.16591.1","article-title":"Using the Mothers Object Relations Scale for early childhood development research in rural India: Findings from the Early Life Stress Sub-study of the SPRING Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial (SPRING-ELS)","volume":"6","author":"Bhopal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.48","unstructured":"Oates J , Gervai J , Danis I , et al . Validation of the Mothers\u2019 Object Relations Scales Short-form (MORS-SF). J Prenat Perinat Psychol Health 2018;38\u201350."},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.49","first-page":"282","article-title":"Mothers\u2019 Perceptions of Their Infants","volume":"33","author":"Oates","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Prenat Perinat Psychol Health"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-11-49","article-title":"Validation of the mothers object relations scales in 2\u20134 year old children and comparison with the child\u2013parent relationship scale","volume":"11","author":"Simkiss","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.16591.1","article-title":"Using the Mothers Object Relations Scale for early childhood development research in rural India: Findings from the Early Life Stress Sub-study of the SPRING Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial (SPRING-ELS)","volume":"6","author":"Bhopal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheung S-K . Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Parental Stress Scale. Psychologia 2000.","DOI":"10.1037\/t08257-000"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/353007"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291719001314","article-title":"Equivalency of the diagnostic accuracy of the PHQ-8 and PHQ-9: a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis","volume":"50","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2008.06.026"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(94)00075-U"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2015.03.007"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.8.4.e27","article-title":"eHEALS: The eHealth Literacy Scale","volume":"8","author":"Norman","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-014-0303-6","article-title":"Sleep and breathing in premature infants at 6 months post-natal age","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.07.2076","article-title":"Sleep problem of premature infants: Clinical utility of the modified Chinese version of the brief infant sleep questionnaire (CBISQ)","volume":"333","author":"Chu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-015-1648-0"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.06.029","article-title":"Excessive Screen Time and Psychosocial Well-Being: The Mediating Role of Body Mass Index, Sleep Duration, and Parent-Child Interaction","volume":"202","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/68009","article-title":"Screen Exposure and Early Childhood Development in Resource-Limited Regions: Findings From a Population-Based Survey Study","volume":"27","author":"Xiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.64","unstructured":"China NBoSo . Bulletin of the seventh national population census (no.7)\u2014\u2014 urban and rural population and floating population. 2021. Available: https:\/\/www.stats.gov.cn\/sj\/tjgb\/rkpcgb\/qgrkpcgb\/202302\/t20230206_1902007.html"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2019.01.017","article-title":"The reliability and validity of Bayley-III cognitive scale in China\u2019s male and female children","volume":"129","author":"Hua","year":"2019","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0221675","article-title":"Concurrent validity of the Ages and Stages Questionnaire and the Bayley Scales of Infant Development III in China","volume":"14","author":"Yue","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0160962","article-title":"Concurrent Validity and Feasibility of Short Tests Currently Used to Measure Early Childhood Development in Large Scale Studies","volume":"11","author":"Rubio-Codina","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1002\/imhj.21626","article-title":"ADAPTING A PARENT-COMPLETED, SOCIOEMOTIONAL QUESTIONNAIRE IN CHINA: THE AGES & STAGES QUESTIONNAIRES: SOCIAL-EMOTIONAL","volume":"38","author":"Bian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infant Ment Health J"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1080\/10888691.2021.1977642","article-title":"Validity studies of a parent-completed social-emotional measure in a representative sample in China","volume":"26","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl Dev Sci"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/bs13070562","article-title":"Parental Stress and Chinese American Preschoolers\u2019 Adjustment: The Mediating Role of Parenting","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Behav Sci (Basel)"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2014.05.021"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000207"},{"key":"2025112000504137000_15.11.e099427.73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636875","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.636875","article-title":"Perinatal Mental Health Problems in Rural China: The Role of Social Factors","volume":"12","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-099427","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T08:51:41Z","timestamp":1763628701000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-099427"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-099427"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-099427","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}}}