{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T06:55:30Z","timestamp":1765608930630,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,19]],"date-time":"2025-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752883200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82071006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82071006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation for Young Scholars of China","award":["82201185"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82201185"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thyroid-associated antibodies are crucial in the occurrence and development of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO). Protein A immunoadsorption is a more specific and plasma-independent antibody removal technology, which has been used in a variety of autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies associated vasculitis (ANCA-associated vasculitis). This study protocol aims to verify the efficacy and safety of the application of protein A immunoadsorption in TAO to provide a new method for the treatment of this pressing disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This clinical trial is a single-centre, prospective, non-randomised controlled trial in China. 174 screened patients with moderate to severe active TAO will be divided into three groups: protein A immunoadsorption treatment group, methylprednisolone hormone pulse group and tocilizumab injection group, with 58 patients in each group. They will undergo 1-year treatment and follow-up. The primary outcomes include: (1) improvement of eyelid retraction greater than 2 mm; (2) a reduction of the Clinical Activity Score (CAS) by \u22651 point; (3) the exophthalmos retreats to \u22652\u2009mm. The secondary outcomes include: (1) Improvement of Graves\u2019 Ophthalmopathy Quality of Life (GO-QOL) questionnaire score after 6 months of treatment; (2) reduction of thyroid-associated antibody titre. Treatment is considered effective if two or more primary outcomes are met or if one primary outcome and two secondary outcomes are met. Otherwise, the treatment is ineffective. The evaluation of the results is based on the most severely affected eye, and the efficacy is evaluated by the outcome of this eye at the end point.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ethical approval has been obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University. Findings will be reported to (1) participating patients; (2) funding bodies, institutes and the hospital; (3) presented at local, national and international conferences and (4) disseminated by peer-review publications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      ChiCTR 2500095461. Registered on 7 January 2025;\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.chictr.org.cn\/\">https:\/\/www.chictr.org.cn\/<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-099519","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T01:25:16Z","timestamp":1753061116000},"page":"e099519","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Application of protein A immunoadsorption in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO): study protocol for a non-randomised controlled clinical trial"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3800-6200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiyao","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, The First People\u2019s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haiyan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, GongRen Hospital of WuZhou, Wuzhou, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shenghua","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 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