{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T04:00:58Z","timestamp":1772769658902,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769472000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":26,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UNICEF India Country Office, New Delhi, India"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the impact of digital supportive supervision (DiSS) for maternal and child healthcare on utilisation of services in Rajasthan state of India, as well as exploring the perceived enablers and barriers to the implementation of DiSS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We employed a sequential mixed-method study design. Routine monthly service data from April 2016 to March 2023 were analysed using an interrupted time-series (ITS) analysis with a control group, followed by qualitative in-depth key-informant interviews.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study is set at the primary healthcare level in Rajasthan state in India, where maternal health, child health and nutrition (MCHN) sessions are conducted at village level to deliver essential maternal and child health services.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Based on the proportion of MCHN sessions supervised digitally, two districts demonstrating high DiSS uptake were selected as intervention districts, and two matched districts were identified as comparator districts, creating a quasi-experimental design. Using routine data extracted from the pregnancy, child tracking and health services database, a segmented regression analysis using ITS was undertaken to assess temporal changes in service utilisation. For the qualitative component, we purposively sampled supervisors in intervention districts (ranked by DiSS supervisory volume) and conducted interviews until thematic saturation (n=18).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Intervention<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The intervention involved digitising the traditional paper-based supportive supervision of MCHN sessions in Rajasthan through a DiSS tool. Supervisors across state, district, block and sector levels used smartphones or tablets to record MCHN session data offline, which was automatically analysed and reported on dashboards on submission.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Outcome measure<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study aims to measure the change in the monthly rate of MCHN service uptake following the rollout of DiSS in Rajasthan state.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pentavalent and inactivated-polio vaccine uptake significantly improved in the intervention group, while no change was observed in the comparator group. Both groups showed significant improvement in the iron and folic acid supplementation among pregnant women and uptake of BCG, Hepatitis B birth dose and Measles vaccines among children, with greater increase in the intervention group. Notably, pneumococcal-conjugate-vaccine uptake declined significantly in the comparator group, whereas no significant change occurred in the intervention group. Limited digital literacy during the initial rollout and compatibility restriction of the digital application to Android devices were chief barriers. Among the enablers, its user-friendly interface, offline functionality, GIS-based monitoring and automated report generation were reported to enhance the timeliness, accountability and efficiency of supportive supervision. This, in turn, strengthened the feedback loop, empowering programme managers to promptly identify and address any shortcomings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>DiSS has the potential to strengthen the healthcare system and significantly improve the utilisation of MCHN services.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-099539","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T13:10:43Z","timestamp":1769519443000},"page":"e099539","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Impact of digital supportive supervision (DiSS) on the extent of maternal and child healthcare service utilisation in India: a sequential mixed-methods quasi-experimental study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Shweta","family":"Sharda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1999-9657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prakash","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ajay","family":"Trakroo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNICEF India Country Office, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0449-9713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Praween Kumar","family":"Agrawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNICEF India Country Office, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aarti","family":"Goyal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anil","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNICEF Rajasthan Field Office, Jaipur, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manisha","family":"Chawla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNICEF Rajasthan Field Office, Jaipur, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anurag","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNICEF Rajasthan Field Office, Jaipur, 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