{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T06:20:17Z","timestamp":1765779617851,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]],"date-time":"2025-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747008000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Tertiary Education Trust","award":["STATE\/TSAS\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["STATE\/TSAS\/2019"]}]},{"name":"Tertiary Education Trust","award":["TETF\/ES\/UNIV\/ENUGU"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TETF\/ES\/UNIV\/ENUGU"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to identify factors that influence the role of community pharmacy teams in preventing prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) opioid misuse.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Qualitative design using interviews; thematic analysis was used to generate themes mapped to the Capability, Opportunity and Motivation Behaviour (COM-B) model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Community pharmacies in North East England.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>28 community pharmacy staff including 16 pharmacists, 1 pharmacy assistant, 10 dispensers and 1 pharmacy technician.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Factors related to the capability component include communication skills, ability to identify service users who misuse OTC opioids, and education and training. Factors in the opportunity component include staff and funding, tools for identification and referral of service users at risk of opioid misuse, and relationship with other healthcare professionals. For the motivation component, attitude towards role, attitude of pharmacist or pharmacy manager, perception about commissioners and commissioned services, and attitude towards service users were identified.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study identified factors that could influence community pharmacists\u2019 roles in opioid misuse. A critical factor influencing community pharmacy teams preventing opioid misuse is access to a single system to record the use of both OTC and prescription opioids. This would enable teams to identify service users misusing or at risk of misusing opioids, while supporting staff education and training and regulatory compliance. Future research should focus on developing interventions using these identified factors to enhance community pharmacists\u2019 roles in opioid misuse prevention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-099801","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]],"date-time":"2025-05-12T16:05:18Z","timestamp":1747065918000},"page":"e099801","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["How can community pharmacy teams prevent prescription and over-the-counter opioid misuse in North East England? A qualitative study using the Capability, Opportunity and Motivation Behaviour (COM-B) model"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8469-0744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ogochukwu Fidelia","family":"Offu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, King George VI Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Okeowo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, King George VI Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shelina","family":"Visram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam Pattison","family":"Rathbone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, King George VI Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8586-0231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Lindsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, King George VI Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK"},{"name":"Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.1","unstructured":"World Health Organisation . Opioid overdose, 2023. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/opioid-overdose"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.2","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Lexicon of alcohol and drug terms, 1994. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/substance_abuse\/terminology\/who_lexicon\/en"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.3","unstructured":"Public Health England . United Kingdom drug situation 2019: summary, 2021. Available: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/united-kingdom-drug-situation-focal-point-annual-report\/uk-drug-situation-2019-summary"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.4","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics . Deaths related to drug poisoning in England and Wales:2020 Registration, 2021. Available: https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/birthsdeathsandmarriages\/deaths\/bulletins\/deathsrelatedtodrugpoisoninginenglandandwales\/2020"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.5","unstructured":"Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency . Medicines: reclassify your products. 2023."},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.6","unstructured":"National Institute on Drug Abuse . Prescription opioids drug fact, 2021. Available: https:\/\/www.drugabuse.gov\/publications\/drugfacts\/prescription-opioids"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.7","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Justice . Opioids facts, 2022. Available: https:\/\/adf.org.au\/drug-facts\/opium"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2049463718800737"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003270","article-title":"Time trends and prescribing patterns of opioid drugs in UK primary care patients with non-cancer pain: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"17","author":"Jani","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30331-1","article-title":"Medicines associated with dependence or withdrawal: a mixed-methods public health review and national database study in England","volume":"6","author":"Marsden","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpt.13100","article-title":"The attitudes and practice strategies of community pharmacists towards drug misuse management: A scoping review","volume":"45","author":"Hoppe","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Pharm Ther"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2020.1809605","article-title":"The relationship between knowledge, attitudes, and practices of community pharmacists regarding persons with substance use disorders","volume":"42","author":"Rao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Subst Abuse"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.2147\/SAR.S351096","article-title":"The role of the pharmacist in combating the opioid crisis: an update","volume":"13","author":"Kosobuski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Subst Abuse Rehabil"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s13722-019-0158-0","article-title":"Leveraging the role of community pharmacists in the prevention, surveillance, and treatment of opioid use disorders","volume":"14","author":"Bach","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addict Sci Clin Pract"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.15","unstructured":"Royal Pharmaceutical Society . Improving care, reducing harm and preventing death in people who use drugs: Pharmacy\u2019s role, 2022. Available: https:\/\/www.rpharms.com\/recognition\/all-our-campaigns\/policy-a-z\/drug-deaths-and-the-role-of-the-pharmacy-team"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.16","unstructured":"Public Health England . The international evidence on the prevention of drug and alcohol use. Summary and examples of implementation in England, 2015. Available: https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/774743\/Preventing_drug_and_alcohol_misuse__international_evidence_and_implementation_examples.pdf"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.17","unstructured":"Royal College of Anaesthetists . Pharmacists and safe opioid prescribing, 2021. Available: https:\/\/fpm.ac.uk\/opioids-aware-best-professional-practice\/pharmacists-and-safe-opioid-prescribing"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.18","article-title":"Pharmacist services in the opioid crisis: current practices and scope in the United States","volume":"7","author":"Thakur","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacy (Basel)"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.19","unstructured":"Pharmaceutical Services Negotiating Committee . Community pharmacy contractual framework, 2021. Available: https:\/\/psnc.org.uk\/contract-it\/the-pharmacy-contract"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.20","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Harm Reduction. 2021. Available: https:\/\/www.euro.who.int\/en\/health-topics\/communicable-diseases\/hivaids\/policy\/policy-guidance-for-areas-of-intervention\/harm-reduction"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.21","unstructured":"Pharmaceutical Services Negotiating Committee . Disposal of unwanted medicines. 2021."},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.22","unstructured":"Avert . Needle and Syringe Programmes (NSPS) for HIV infection, 2019. Available: https:\/\/www.avert.org\/professionals\/hiv-programming\/prevention\/needle-syringe-programmes"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.23","unstructured":"Change Grow Live . Naloxone-the overdose reversal drugs, 2021. Available: https:\/\/www.changegrowlive.org\/advice-info\/alcohol-drugs\/naloxone-overdose-reversal-drug"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.24","first-page":"311","article-title":"Special report: the community pharmacy workforce crisis","volume":"311","author":"Connely","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceutical J"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.25","unstructured":"Stearn E . CCA: More pharmacy closures \u201cunavoidable\u201d due to pharmacist shortage, 2021. Available: https:\/\/www.chemistanddruggist.co.uk\/CD135722\/CCA-More-pharmacy-closures-unavoidable-due-to-pharmacist-shortage\/#:~:text=CCA:%20More%20pharmacy%20closures%20\u2019unavoidable\u2019%20due%20to%20pharmacist%20shortage"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.26","unstructured":"Robertson J . Three in four pharmacies experiencing a pharmacist shortage, MPs told. 2023."},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.27","unstructured":"Community Pharmacy England . Critical staffing pressures in community pharmacies hitting patients, 2024. Available: https:\/\/cpe.org.uk\/our-news\/critical-staffing-pressures-in-community-pharmacies-hitting-patients"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.28","first-page":"7955","article-title":"Work-related stress: the hidden pandemic in pharmacy","volume":"307","author":"Connelly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharm J"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.29","unstructured":"The Pharmacist . Report lifts lid on high levels of burnout within community pharmacy, 2023. Available: https:\/\/www.thepharmacist.co.uk\/news\/report-lifts-lid-on-high-levels-of-burnout-within-community-pharmacy"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2006.10399848"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2016.1197261","article-title":"Community pharmacists\u2019 perspectives on dispensing medications with the potential for misuse, diversion, and intentional overdose: results of a province-wide survey of community pharmacists in Canada","volume":"51","author":"Leong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7517-7-21","article-title":"Innocent parties or devious drug users: the views of primary healthcare practitioners with respect to those who misuse prescription drugs","volume":"7","author":"Butler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000148"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1093\/ijpp\/riad019","article-title":"A qualitative study to investigate community pharmacists\u2019 perceptions about identifying and addressing inappropriately prescribed analgesia","volume":"31","author":"Meaadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Pharm Pract"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1007\/s11096-021-01331-1","article-title":"Roles, barriers and behavioral determinants related to community pharmacists\u2019 involvement in optimizing opioid therapy for chronic pain: a qualitative study","volume":"44","author":"Alenezi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharm"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.36","unstructured":"Barrett R , Cosa D . An evaluation of community pharmacist perception of the misuse and abuse of over-the-counter co-codamol in Cornwall and Devon, UK: a cross-sectional survey. Heroin Addict Relat Clin Probl 2018;5\u20139."},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000000388"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.38","unstructured":"Benton T , Craib I . Philosophy of social science: the philosophical foundations of social thought. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2023."},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.39","first-page":"1","article-title":"Applying critical realism in qualitative research: Methodology meets method","volume":"19","author":"Fletcher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Soc Res Methodol"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leung DY , Chung BPM . Chung, content analysis: using critical realism to extend its utility. In: Liamputtong P , ed. Handbook of research methods in health social sciences. Singapore: Springer, 2019: 827\u201341.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-5251-4_102"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danermark B , Ekstr\u00f6m M , Karlsson JC . Explaining society: critical realism in the social sciences. 2019: Routledge,","DOI":"10.4324\/9781351017831"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sapharm.2011.07.005","article-title":"Using critical realism as a framework in pharmacy education and social pharmacy research","volume":"8","author":"Oltmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res Social Adm Pharm"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Archer M , et al . Critical realism: essential eeadings. Routledge, 2013.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315008592"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"West R , Michie S . A brief introduction to the COM-B model of behaviour and the PRIME theory of motivation. Qeios 2020;2. doi:10.32388\/WW04E6.2","DOI":"10.32388\/WW04E6.2"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nepr.2023.103619","article-title":"Identification of factors influencing core competence promotion among professional nurses and midwives: A qualitative study using the COM-B model","volume":"69","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Pract"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-019-2029-3","article-title":"Exploring mental health professionals\u2019 practice in relation to smoke-free policy within a mental health trust: a qualitative study using the COM-B model of behaviour","volume":"19","author":"Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/hex.70118","article-title":"Healthcare professionals\u2019 responses to complaints: a qualitative interview study with patients, carers and healthcare professionals using the theoretical domains framework and COM-B model","volume":"27","author":"Antonopoulou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Expect"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/bs13030218","article-title":"The interrelationship of reflexivity, sensitivity and integrity in conducting interviews","volume":"13","author":"Muthanna","year":"2023","journal-title":"Behav Sci (Basel)"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.49","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics (ONS) . Deaths related to drug poisoning in England and Wales: 2022 registrations, Available: https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/birthsdeathsandmarriages\/deaths\/bulletins\/deathsrelatedtodrugpoisoninginenglandandwales\/2022registrations#:~:text=Almost%20half%20of%20all%20drug,in%202021%20(2%2C219%20deaths)"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii38","DOI":"10.1093\/ijpp\/riac089.045","article-title":"Systematic review of facilitators and barriers to community pharmacists\u2019 role in licit opioid misuse prevention","volume":"30","author":"Offu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Pharm Pract"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bryant A , Charmaz K . The sage handbook of grounded theory. Sage, 2007.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781848607941"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.114523"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swain J . A hybrid approach to thematic analysis in qualitative research: using a practical example. In: Sage research methods. 1 Oliver\u2019s Yard, 55 City Road, London EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom, 2018. Available: https:\/\/methods.sagepub.com\/case\/hybrid-approach-thematic-analysis-qualitative-research-a-practical-example","DOI":"10.4135\/9781526435477"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ligurgo V . A method combining deductive and inductive principles to define work-related digital media literacy competences. 2018;245\u201354. doi:10.1007\/978-3-319-74334-9_26","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-74334-9_26"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.56","unstructured":"Crabtree BF , Miller WF . A template approach to text analysis: developing and using codebooks. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc, 1992:93\u2013109."},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.57","unstructured":"Maguire M , Delahunt B . Doing a thematic analysis: A practical, step-by-step guide for learning and teaching scholars. All Ireland Journal of Higher Education 2017;9."},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13517","article-title":"Community pharmacist knowledge, attitudes and confidence regarding naloxone for overdose reversal","volume":"111","author":"Nielsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1007\/s11096-019-00790-x","article-title":"Community pharmacists\u2019 role in preventing opioid substitution therapy-related deaths: a qualitative investigation into current UK practice","volume":"41","author":"Yadav","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharm"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.12012","article-title":"Surveillance and uncertainty: community pharmacy responses to over the counter medicine abuse","volume":"21","author":"Cooper","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Soc Care Community"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1177\/146642400112100316","article-title":"Community pharmacists\u2019 experience of over-the-counter medicine misuse in Scotland","volume":"121","author":"MacFadyen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7174.2011.00134.x","article-title":"Community pharmacy in the United Arab Emirates: characteristics and workforce issues","volume":"19","author":"Hasan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Pharm Pract"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.63","unstructured":"Jacobs S , Hassell K , Johnson S . Managing workplace stress to enhance safer practice in community pharmacy: a scoping study. Pharmacy Research UK 2013;1\u2013139."},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1211\/ijpp.15.3.0005","article-title":"Enhanced pharmacy services, barriers and facilitators in Australia\u2019s community pharmacies: Australia\u2019s national pharmacy database project","volume":"15","author":"Berbatis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Pharm Pract"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S236488","article-title":"The rural pharmacy practice landscape: challenges and motivators","volume":"13","author":"Hays","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Multidiscip Healthc"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.66","article-title":"Community pharmacists\u2019 motivation and barriers to providing and billing patient care services","volume":"8","author":"Reyes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacy (Basel)"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12032","article-title":"Factors influencing pharmacy services in opioid substitution treatment","volume":"32","author":"Chaar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2017.1391924","article-title":"Barriers and facilitators to dispensing of intranasal naloxone by pharmacists","volume":"39","author":"Bakhireva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Subst Abuse"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.69","article-title":"Addressing the opioid crisis\u2014the need for a pain management intervention in community pharmacies in Canada: a narrative review","volume":"11","author":"Cid","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacy (Basel)"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-019-0912-0","article-title":"Community pharmacy integration within the primary care pathway for people with long-term conditions: a focus group study of patients\u2019, pharmacists\u2019 and GPs\u2019 experiences and expectations","volume":"20","author":"Hindi","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Fam Pract"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.26719\/2016.22.6.375","article-title":"Collaboration between pharmacists and general practitioners in the health care system in the Islamic Republic of Iran","volume":"22","author":"Hashemian","year":"2016","journal-title":"East Mediterr Health J"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13561820.2011.585725"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.73","first-page":"19","article-title":"GPs, community pharmacists and shifting professional boundaries","volume":"128","author":"Bidwell","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Z Med J"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010488","article-title":"Qualitative study to conceptualise a model of interprofessional collaboration between pharmacists and general practitioners to support patients\u2019 adherence to medication","volume":"6","author":"Rathbone","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.18433\/J3T89K","article-title":"Best practices and innovations for managing codeine misuse and dependence","volume":"19","author":"Norman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pharm Pharm Sci"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MacKinnon JIJ . Tighter regulations needed for over-the-counter codeine in Canada. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications Inc, 2016:322\u20134.","DOI":"10.1177\/1715163516660572"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.77","first-page":"1","article-title":"Abuse of over-the-counter medicines: a pharmacist\u2019s perspective","volume":"6","author":"Sansgiry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Integr Pharm Res Pract"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5688\/aj7408141","article-title":"Presenting and evaluating qualitative research","volume":"74","author":"Anderson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Pharm Educ"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.79","unstructured":"Michie S , Atkins L , Robert W . The COM-B model, Available: https:\/\/www.habitweekly.com\/models-frameworks\/the-com-b-model"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sapharm.2023.10.008","article-title":"Pharmacists\u2019 perceptions and delivery of health behaviour change recommendations: Mapping the COM-B model","volume":"20","author":"Maxwell-Smith","year":"2024","journal-title":"Res Social Adm Pharm"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-022-08297-4","article-title":"Using COM-B model in identifying facilitators, barriers and needs of community pharmacists in implementing weight management services in Malaysia: a qualitative study","volume":"22","author":"Blebil","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e104","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdab375","article-title":"Barriers and facilitators to pharmacists\u2019 engagement in response to domestic violence: a qualitative interview study informed by the capability-opportunity-motivation-behaviour model","volume":"45","author":"Lewis","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Public Health (Bangkok)"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s41927-018-0037-4","article-title":"General practitioners\u2019 views on managing knee osteoarthritis: a thematic analysis of factors influencing clinical practice guideline implementation in primary care","volume":"2","author":"Egerton","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025121422165880000_15.5.e099801.84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12782","article-title":"Factors influencing the prescribing behaviour of independent prescriber optometrists: a qualitative study using the Theoretical Domains Framework","volume":"41","author":"Spillane","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-099801","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T06:17:15Z","timestamp":1765779435000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-099801"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-099801"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-099801","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2044-6055"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2044-6055"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}}}