{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T14:13:54Z","timestamp":1788444834432,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the status of women\u2019s empowerment and its associated factors using multidimensional empowerment index in Tigray, Ethiopia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Community-based cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tigray regional state, Ethiopia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A sample of married pregnant women (n=1477) whose gestational age was at least 8 weeks were the study participants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The primary outcome of the study was women\u2019s empowerment status, assessed using 24 indicators across five key domains: decision-making power, social independence, attitudes towards violence against women, social networking and household asset ownership. Equal weight was assigned to all domains and the weight assigned to each domain was distributed equally to the indicators within the corresponding domain. Women who scored at least 80% (ie, met 4 out of 5 domains) were considered as empowered.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In total, only 8.2% (95% CI 6.9 to 9.78) of women were empowered. Intrafamilial factors: husband\u2019s education with primary (adjusted OR (AOR): 2.66 (1.30 to 5.43), secondary AOR: 4.69 (2.23 to 9.84) and tertiary AOR: 3.60 (1.20 to 10.83)) levels, being from model households (AOR: 4.38 (1.33 to 14.47)), households with middle (AOR: 3.50 (1.13 to 8.37))\u2009or high (AOR: 3.10 (1.25 to 7.67))\u2009wealth index, enrolment in productive safety net programmes (AOR: 2.37 (1.25 to 4.50)) and age at first pregnancy (AOR: 1.16 (1.08 to 1.24)) were positively associated with women\u2019s empowerment. From the community-level characteristics, dowry (AOR: 1.82 (1.10 to 5.30)) and perceived good availability of justice for women and girls (AOR: 3.00 (1.05 to 8.60)) were positively associated with women\u2019s empowerment. Conversely, the history of an adverse pregnancy outcome was negatively associated with women\u2019s empowerment (AOR: 0.51 (0.26 to 0.99)).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The overall status of women\u2019s empowerment in Tigray was very low. Husband\u2019s education, being model household, wealth index, enrolment in productive safety net programmes, dowry practice, perceived good availability of justice for women and girls and age at first pregnancy were found to be significant factors associated with women\u2019s empowerment. In view of these empirical insights, several policy recommendations are proposed. First, interventions should focus on the identified associated factors, particularly in areas with lower empowerment scores such as partner\u2019s education, improving access to justice for women, addressing harmful community practices such as dowry and strengthening household economic status through social protection and livelihood programmes. Second, the promotion of gender-balanced household dynamics through awareness campaigns and policy incentives could make a substantial contribution to women\u2019s empowerment in the study area.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-100756","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T13:10:33Z","timestamp":1780319433000},"page":"e100756","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Status of women\u2019s empowerment and its associated factors using multidimensional empowerment index in Tigray, Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0152-8643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gebreamlak Gidey","family":"Abebe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Ayder College of Health Sciences, Mek\u2019elle, Ethiopia"},{"name":"Department of Midwifery, Aksum University College of Health Science, Aksum, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alemayehu Bayray","family":"Kahsay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Ayder College of Health Sciences, Mek\u2019elle, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9328-684X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Araya Abrha","family":"Medhanyie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Ayder College of Health Sciences, Mek\u2019elle, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mulugeta","family":"Gebregziabher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9234-7842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maureen","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tesfay Gebregzabher","family":"Gebrehiwot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Ayder College of Health Sciences, Mek\u2019elle, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090306254725000_16.6.e100756.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmz056","article-title":"Role of Women\u2019s Empowerment in Child Nutrition Outcomes: A Systematic Review","volume":"10","author":"Santoso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"2026090306254725000_16.6.e100756.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s41256-019-0129-8","article-title":"What does women\u2019s empowerment have to do with malnutrition in Sub-Saharan Africa? 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