{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T02:34:39Z","timestamp":1788489279346,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765843200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000098","name":"Clinical Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Z99CL999999"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z99CL999999"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000098","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Binge drinking in the previous month was reported in 23.5% of US adults, and 28.1\u2009million adults met criteria for Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) in 2023. Individuals with AUD face increased risks of oral health problems, including caries, periodontal disease and mucosal lesions. Poor oral hygiene, nutrition and dental care all contribute to these conditions, but individuals with AUD are often under-represented in oral health surveys. Understanding relationships between oral health behaviours, attitudes and general health is crucial for designing future interventions. This pilot aims to explore the relationship between oral and systemic health in subjects with AUD, focusing on oral health behaviours, salivary biomarkers and clinical phenotype, including systemic biomarkers of inflammation, to inform future research on oral\u2013systemic interactions in AUD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This protocol has two parts. Part 1 involves cognitive interviews to assess the content validity and interpretability of the Oral Health Behaviours Assessment (OHBA) questionnaire. Part 2 will collect biological and behavioural data from treatment-seeking patients with AUD and matched controls (age, sex and smoking status), including saliva, blood, dental exams, and health behaviour and symptom measures. Inpatients with AUD will provide biospecimens and answer symptom severity questionnaires at admission and again at the dental exam visit (7\u201312 days later), while controls will provide a single set of measures at their dental exam visit. Oral health will be assessed through structured dental and periodontal examinations, radiographs and validated questionnaires (including the OHBA). Additional data will include alcohol use history, psychiatric and medical history assessments, dietary recall, and measures of stress, sleep and mood to capture potential moderators of oral\u2013systemic relationships. Biomarkers of inflammation and stress will be quantified from saliva and blood using immunoassays. Primary outcomes will compare oral health, salivary biomarkers and clinical measures between AUD and controls, while secondary outcomes will evaluate within-subject changes in patients with AUD during inpatient treatment and early abstinence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This clinical protocol was approved by the National Institutes of Health Institutional Review Board (IRB #002005). Prior to enrolling, participants will be informed of the study purpose, risks and benefits, and study procedures, and evaluated for understanding prior to signing consent. Part 1 of the protocol is currently active and recruiting participants for cognitive interviews. The study findings will be disseminated through journals and conferences related to addiction medicine, psychology, immunology, neuroscience and dentistry. We expect the results of the pilot study will inform future research on oral health and salivary bioscience while also providing treatment-seeking patients with AUD targeted information on the importance of oral health behaviours for maintaining oral and systemic health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"clintrialgov\" xlink:href=\"NCT06684483\">NCT06684483<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      ; preresults.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-101197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T12:20:22Z","timestamp":1765974022000},"page":"e101197","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Associations between oral health behaviours, oral health, salivary biomarkers and clinical phenotype in individuals with alcohol use disorder: protocol for a longitudinal observational study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct06684483","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct02231840","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct02231840","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct02231840","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct06684483","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4578-960X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine A","family":"Maki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shirleen","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gwenyth R","family":"Wallen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chantal","family":"Gerrard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Choa","family":"Sung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shreya","family":"Papneja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralph Thadeus S","family":"Tuason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vijay A","family":"Ramchandani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"Diazgranados","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3022-0154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer J","family":"Barb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010703472179000_15.12.e101197.1","unstructured":"World health organization . 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