{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T08:14:36Z","timestamp":1785572076921,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,13]],"date-time":"2025-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752364800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We aimed to analyse the time trends of cardiometabolic risk factors in Senegal from 1975 to 2021.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Ecological study of publicly available data from the WHO Health Inequality Data Repository.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Disaggregated datasets from publicly available sources.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Primary outcome<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Trends of age-standardised prevalence rates, stratified by sex for tobacco use, obesity, diabetes and hypertension, were analysed for significance.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Only data from Senegal were included in this study.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Tobacco use decreased in both sexes between 2000 and 2021, from 1.7% to 0.7% (p value 0.04) in females and from 28.1% to 12.8% (p value 0.04) in males. Obesity and overweight increased in both sexes between 1975 and 2016, from 14.2% to 35.9% (p value &lt;0.001) in females and from 7.2% to 19.5% (p value&lt;0.001) in males. Diabetes increased in both sexes between 1980 and 2014, from 4% to 7.3% (p value &lt;0.001) in females and from 3.6% to 7.5% (p value &lt;0.001) in males. Between 1990 and 2019, hypertension increased in females from 39.1% to 42.9% (p value &lt;0.001). The prevalence of hypertension in males first rose from 37.5% to 40.0% (p value &lt;0.001), then decreased to 37.3% (p value 0.013).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our findings highlight changes in cardiometabolic risk factors in Senegal between 1975 and 2020 by sex. While tobacco use declined, rates of obesity, diabetes and hypertension increased. These findings underscore the need for strategies to mitigate this increase in cardiometabolic risk factors and a consequential rise in non-communicable diseases.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-101323","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T03:45:28Z","timestamp":1752464728000},"page":"e101323","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Trends over time in age-standardised prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors in Senegal between 1975 and 2021 by sex: an ecological study from the WHO Inequality Data Repository"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2681-9706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mame Madjiguene","family":"Ka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Principal Hospital of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal"},{"name":"Alliance for Medical Research in Africa (AMeDRA), Dakar, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4758-9225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ngon\u00e9 Diaba","family":"Gaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alliance for Medical Research in Africa (AMeDRA), Dakar, Senegal"},{"name":"Department of cardiac rehabilitation, Ibra Mamadou Wane Medical Center, Dakar, Senegal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Tukakira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2870-1511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damaris","family":"Kyem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9843-1084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiffany","family":"Gary-Webb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alliance for Medical Research in Africa (AMeDRA), Dakar, Senegal"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilian","family":"Sattler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alliance for Medical Research in Africa (AMeDRA), Dakar, Senegal"},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5309-5611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Modou","family":"Jobe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alliance for Medical Research in Africa (AMeDRA), Dakar, Senegal"},{"name":"Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5516-4665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bamba","family":"Gaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alliance for Medical Research in Africa (AMeDRA), Dakar, Senegal"},{"name":"Cheikh Anta Diop University, Institute of Health and Development (ISED), Dakar, Senegal"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025071409321923000_15.7.e101323.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32203-7"},{"key":"2025071409321923000_15.7.e101323.2","unstructured":"World Health Organization . 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