{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T03:54:20Z","timestamp":1780372460046,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765756800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the prevalence and factors associated with depression, anxiety and stress among wives of international migrant workers in Ward 5 of Gauradaha municipality, Jhapa, Nepal.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Community-based cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ward 5 of Gauradaha Municipality, Jhapa, Nepal.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 179 wives of international migrant workers, aged 20\u201349 years, whose husbands had been away for at least 6\u2009months.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Depression, anxiety and stress were assessed using the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Descriptive statistics, \u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/Fisher\u2019s exact test and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress was 54.7%, 53.1% and 60.9%, respectively. In multivariable analysis, frequency of remittance, debts incurred and daily communication with husbands were significantly associated with depression, anxiety and stress. Additionally, the wives\u2019 occupation was significantly associated with anxiety.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>More than half of the wives of international migrant workers experience depression, anxiety and stress. Interventions promoting financial security, facilitating regular communication with migrant spouses and providing occupation-related support may improve mental health outcomes in this population. These findings highlight the need for targeted policies and community programmes to support families left behind by international migrant workers in Nepal.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-101373","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T05:30:20Z","timestamp":1765863020000},"page":"e101373","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prevalence and associated factors of depression, anxiety and stress among wives of international migrant workers: a community-based cross-sectional study in ward 5 of Gauradaha municipality, Jhapa, Nepal"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1609-594X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Upasana","family":"Basnet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur, Bagmati, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0034-945X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pratikshya","family":"Gyawali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helen Keller International, Nepal, Bagmati, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2850-0904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dhirendra","family":"Kalauni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Division, Dhulikhel Hospital, Dhulikhel, Bagmati, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nabina","family":"Malla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Implementation Science and Health, Bhaktapur, Bagmati, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010703482953000_15.12.e101373.1","unstructured":"Organization WH . Mental-health-strengthening-our-response. 2022. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/mental-health-strengthening-our-response"},{"key":"2026010703482953000_15.12.e101373.2","unstructured":"Organization WH . Mental disorders. 2022. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/mental-disorders"},{"key":"2026010703482953000_15.12.e101373.3","unstructured":"Simon J , Kiss N , \u0141aszewska A , et al . Public health aspects of migrant health: a review of the evidence on health status for labour migrants in the European region: world health organization. Regional Office for Europe; 2015."},{"key":"2026010703482953000_15.12.e101373.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McAuliffe M , Report T . World migration report 2022. International organisation for migration, 17 Route des Morillons, 1211 Geneva 19; 2022. doi:10.1002\/wom3.26","DOI":"10.1002\/wom3.25"},{"key":"2026010703482953000_15.12.e101373.5","unstructured":"Nepal Go, Ministry of LabourEaSS . Nepal labour migration report Singhadarbar, Kathmandu, Ministry of LabourEaSS. 2022."},{"key":"2026010703482953000_15.12.e101373.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.3126\/pragya.v5i1.30475","article-title":"Remittance and Economic Development of Nepal","volume":"5","author":"Sah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Patan Pragya"},{"key":"2026010703482953000_15.12.e101373.7","first-page":"210","article-title":"Mental health of wives of migrant workers in Bangladesh","volume":"19","author":"Hossain","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026010703482953000_15.12.e101373.8","first-page":"356","article-title":"Impact of migration on family left-behind in the Philippines: A cross-sectional study","volume":"30","author":"Abella","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Public Health"},{"key":"2026010703482953000_15.12.e101373.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764020925835"},{"key":"2026010703482953000_15.12.e101373.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.3126\/jmmihs.v7i1.43151","article-title":"Effects of Male International Migration on Mental Health of Wives Left Behind in Nepal","volume":"7","author":"Bhirtyal","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Manmohan Memorial Inst Health Sci"},{"key":"2026010703482953000_15.12.e101373.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2608","DOI":"10.1002\/nop2.959","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Nepali language version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21)","volume":"9","author":"Thapa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nurs Open"},{"key":"2026010703482953000_15.12.e101373.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.31014\/aior.1994.02.01.26","article-title":"Status of Mental Health Among Left Behind Wives of Migrant Workers in North-East Part of Bangladesh","volume":"2","author":"Saha","year":"2019","journal-title":"jhms"},{"key":"2026010703482953000_15.12.e101373.13","unstructured":"Gillani NI . Loneliness and Depression among Wives of Pakistani Expatriate Husbands. J Identity Migr Stud 2015;9."},{"key":"2026010703482953000_15.12.e101373.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu H , JJJoac Y . Hollow Lives: Women Left Behind in Rural C hina. 2016;16:50\u201369. doi:10.1111\/joac.12089","DOI":"10.1111\/joac.12089"},{"key":"2026010703482953000_15.12.e101373.15","unstructured":"Roy A , Nangia P , eds. Impact of Male Out-Migration on Health Status of Left behind Wives--a Study of Bihar, India. Meeting of the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population. 2005."},{"key":"2026010703482953000_15.12.e101373.16","first-page":"19","article-title":"The Impact of Husband\u2019s Out-Migration on the Psychological Wellbeing of Left Behind Wives in Dir (Lower), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan","volume":"58","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychology and Education Journal"},{"key":"2026010703482953000_15.12.e101373.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp048078"},{"key":"2026010703482953000_15.12.e101373.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(18)31612-x"},{"key":"2026010703482953000_15.12.e101373.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17041292","article-title":"The Impact of Spousal Migration on the Mental Health of Nepali Women: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"17","author":"Aryal","year":"2020","journal-title":"IJERPH"},{"key":"2026010703482953000_15.12.e101373.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siriwardhana C , Wickramage K , Siribaddana S , et al . Common mental disorders among adult members of \u201cleft-behind\u201d international migrant worker families in Sri Lanka. BMC Public Health 2015;15. doi:10.1186\/s12889-015-1632-6","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-1632-6"},{"key":"2026010703482953000_15.12.e101373.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1177\/0971521521997964","article-title":"Effects of International Male Migration on Wives Left Behind in Rural Tamil Nadu","volume":"28","author":"Arokkiaraj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J Gend Stud"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-101373","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T11:52:22Z","timestamp":1767786742000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-101373"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-101373"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-101373","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}}}