{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T16:53:04Z","timestamp":1782492784052,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773100800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the nutritional status and identify associated factors among children under 5 years residing in Ward 10 of Bhimdatta Municipality, Kanchanpur District, Sudurpashchim Province, Nepal.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Community-based cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ward 10 of Bhimdatta Municipality, the second-largest ward by population within the municipality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participant<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 248 children aged 6\u201359 months were selected using simple random sampling from a list of eligible children compiled through the local vitamin A supplementation programme. Children who were ill for more than 7\u2009days, had physical deformities or whose mothers were illiterate were excluded. Data were collected between 2 January and 25 May 2024.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Nutritional status was assessed using anthropometric indicators\u2014height-for-age (stunting), weight-for-height (wasting) and weight-for-age (underweight)\u2014according to WHO Child Growth Standards. Measurements were taken using a ShorrBoard to the nearest 0.1\u2009cm, and WHO Anthro V.3.1.0 was used to generate Z-scores. Data were analysed using EpiData V.3.1 and SPSS V.20. Descriptive statistics were computed, and \u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      tests identified candidate variables for multinomial logistic regression to determine factors associated with nutritional status.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The study found that 35.08% of children under 5 years in Ward 10 were affected by some form of under-nutrition. A significant association was observed between under-nutrition and exclusive breastfeeding practices (p&lt;0.05), underscoring the importance of early infant feeding practices. Model adequacy was confirmed using likelihood ratio and Pearson\u2019s \u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      tests.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Under-nutrition remains a major public health concern among children under 5 years in Bhimdatta Municipality. Interventions focusing on promoting exclusive breastfeeding, improving maternal education and strengthening household food security are recommended to enhance child nutritional outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-101666","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T14:55:26Z","timestamp":1773154526000},"page":"e101666","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence and associated factors of nutritional status among children under 5 years: a community-based cross-sectional study in Bhimdatta municipality, Kanchanpur, Nepal"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2850-0904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dhirendra","family":"Kalauni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for AIDS and STD Control, Kathmandu, Bagmati, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0034-945X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pratikshya","family":"Gyawali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford University Clinical Research Unit Nepal, Lalitpur, Bagmati, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9377-1698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nabina","family":"Malla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Implementation Science and Health, Kathmandu, Bagmati, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1609-594X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Upasana","family":"Basnet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026062609361083000_16.3.e101666.1","unstructured":"WHO . Malnutrition. World Health Organization; 2023."},{"key":"2026062609361083000_16.3.e101666.2","unstructured":"World Health Organization . WHO Child Growth Standards: Growth Velocity Based on Weight, Length and Head Circumference: Methods and Development. Geneva: WHO, 2006."},{"key":"2026062609361083000_16.3.e101666.3","unstructured":"Report GN . The global burden of malnutrition. 2020."},{"key":"2026062609361083000_16.3.e101666.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e07072","article-title":"Factors associated with undernutrition among children aged between 6-36 months in Semien Bench district, Ethiopia","volume":"7","author":"Fufa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"2026062609361083000_16.3.e101666.5","unstructured":"Ministry of Health and Population, Nepal, New ERA, ICF . Nepal demographic and health survey 2022. Kathmandu, 2022."},{"key":"2026062609361083000_16.3.e101666.6","unstructured":"Ministry of Health and Population, Nepal, New ERA, ICF . Child nutritional status. nepal demographic and health survey 2022: key indicators report. 2022.32\u20139."},{"key":"2026062609361083000_16.3.e101666.7","unstructured":"Bishwakarma R . Spatial Inequality in Child Nutrition in Nepal: Implications of Regional Context and Individual\/Household Composition. University of Maryland, College Park, 2011."},{"key":"2026062609361083000_16.3.e101666.8","first-page":"73","article-title":"Assessment of nutritional status of children under five years of age in rural Nepal","volume":"14","author":"Chataut","year":"2016","journal-title":"Kathmandu Univ Med J"},{"key":"2026062609361083000_16.3.e101666.9","unstructured":"Tontisirin K . Improving nutritional status at national and community levels: Lessons from South Asia. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2009;30."},{"key":"2026062609361083000_16.3.e101666.10","first-page":"1","article-title":"Determinants of nutritional status of school children: A cross-sectional study in the western region of Nepal","volume":"2","author":"Joshi","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026062609361083000_16.3.e101666.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-9276-9-1"},{"key":"2026062609361083000_16.3.e101666.12","unstructured":"World Health Organization . WHO Child Growth Standards: Growth Velocity Based on Weight, Length and Head Circumference: Methods and Development. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2006."},{"key":"2026062609361083000_16.3.e101666.13","unstructured":"IBM Corp . IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 20.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp, 2011."},{"key":"2026062609361083000_16.3.e101666.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7973","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17217973","article-title":"A Review of Selected Studies on the Factors Associated with the Nutrition Status of Children Under the Age of Five Years in South Africa","volume":"17","author":"Mkhize","year":"2020","journal-title":"IJERPH"},{"key":"2026062609361083000_16.3.e101666.15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Determinants of nutritional status of school children: A cross-sectional study in the western region of Nepal","volume":"2","author":"Hs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med J Armed Forces India"},{"key":"2026062609361083000_16.3.e101666.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.3329\/jhpn.v29i4.8451","article-title":"Nutritional status of under-five children living in an informal urban settlement in Nairobi, Kenya","volume":"29","author":"Olack","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Health Popul Nutr"},{"key":"2026062609361083000_16.3.e101666.17","article-title":"Nutritional Status of Children Under Two Years of Age in the Devbhumi Dwarka District, Gujarat: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"14","author":"Saha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"2026062609361083000_16.3.e101666.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10060676","article-title":"Factors Associated with Undernutrition in Children under the Age of Two Years: Secondary Data Analysis Based on the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2012\u20132013","volume":"10","author":"Tariq","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-101666","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T16:40:10Z","timestamp":1782492010000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-101666"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-101666"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-101666","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}}}