{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T19:54:03Z","timestamp":1792612443047,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762992000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the pooled prevalence of self-reported sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and their associated factors among adults in South and Southeast Asia, using the Demographic and Health Survey data collected between 2015 and 2023.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A community-based cross-sectional study design was conducted using a multistage cluster sampling approach. Multilevel multivariable\u2002logistic regression analysis was employed to identify predictors of self-reported sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Model selection was guided by Akaike\u2019s information criterion, and adjusted\u2002odds ratios (AORs) with 95% CIs were estimated to determine statistically significant associations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>South and Southeast Asia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This analysis included a weighted sample of\u2002791\u2009019 adults aged 15\u201349 who reported ever having had sexual intercourse. The majority of the participants were female (n=6\u200987\u2009880; 87%), and most were from Southeast Asia (n=7\u200900\u2009539; 89%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The pooled prevalence of self-reported STIs among adults in South and Southeast Asia was 12.94% (95% CI\u20027.73% to 18.14%). At the individual level, higher odds of reporting STIs were associated with being female (AOR 1.84; 95%\u2009CI1.68 to 2.02), having middle (AOR 1.11; 95%\u2009CI 1.04 to 1.19) or high wealth status (AOR 1.15; 95%\u2009CI 1.07 to 1.24]), being employed (AOR 1.14; 95%\u2009CI 1.07 to 1.22), having multiple sexual partners (AOR 2.79; 95%\u2009CI 2.22 to 3.52) and having undergone HIV testing (AOR 1.10; 95%\u2009CI: 1.02 to 1.20). Conversely, lower odds of self-reported STIs were observed among individuals aged 35\u201339 years (AOR 0.78; 95%\u2009CI 0.66 to 0.92), 40\u201344 years (AOR 0.68; 95%\u2009CI 0.58 to 0.82) and 45\u201349 years (AOR 0.61; 95%\u2009CI 0.52 to 0.73); those who had ever been in a union (AOR 0.71; 95%\u2009CI 0.62 to 0.83); individuals with higher education (AOR 0.84; 95%\u2009CI 0.76 to 0.93); and those with comprehensive HIV knowledge (AOR 0.82; 95%\u2009CI 0.77 to 0.87). At the community level, high illiteracy rates (AOR 1.25; 95%\u2009CI 1.15 to 1.35) and high\u2002media non-exposure (AOR 1.11; 95%\u2009CI 1.02 to 1.20) were positively associated with STIs, while rural residence (AOR 0.81; 95%\u2009CI 0.74 to 0.89) and living in Southeast Asia (AOR: 0.47; 95%\u2009CI 0.42 to 0.53) were linked to lower odds of self-reported STIs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A substantial prevalence of self-reported STIs was observed among adults in South and Southeast Asia. Both individual- and community-level factors influence STI risk. The individual-level determinants include socio-demographic characteristics, sexual behaviours, HIV-related knowledge and testing history, while community-level factors reflect disparities in geographic location, educational attainment and media exposure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-101845","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T13:00:20Z","timestamp":1763038820000},"page":"e101845","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Self-reported sexually transmitted infections among adults in South and Southeast Asian countries: a multilevel analysis of recent DHS data (2015\u20132023)"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3024-9857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kebede Gemeda","family":"Sabo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing, Samara University, Semera, Afar, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8522-1504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kusse Urmale","family":"Mare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Samara University, Semera, Afar, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7986-6442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Begetayinoral Kussia","family":"Lahole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Midwifery, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7003-0235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beriso Furo","family":"Wengoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Science, Samara University, Semera, Afar, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8427-3396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Habtamu Solomon","family":"Demeke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health, Samara University, Semera, Afar, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ausman Ahmed","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing, Samara University, Semera, Afar, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Abdurahman","family":"Bilal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing, Samara University, Semera, Afar, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6081-4108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulkerim Hassen","family":"Moloro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing, Samara University, Semera, Afar, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120413264915000_15.11.e101845.1","unstructured":"Organization, W.H . 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