{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T02:33:27Z","timestamp":1773887607203,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773705600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Capital Medical University\u2019s 2023 special project for basic clinical collaborative research in digital intelligence nursing","award":["SZHL23Z03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SZHL23Z03"]}]},{"name":"2024 Nursing Special Project of Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University","award":["HLQN2024008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HLQN2024008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Preoperative anxiety is prevalent among neurosurgical patients and is associated with adverse clinical outcomes. Virtual reality (VR) technology offers an innovative approach to delivering immersive preoperative education, particularly in familiarising patients with the intensive care unit (ICU) environment. This study aims to evaluate whether a VR-based ICU orientation can reduce perioperative anxiety and improve psychological preparedness in adult neurosurgical patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This single-centre randomised controlled trial plans to enrol 108 patients at Xuanwu Hospital. Using a computer-generated random sequence, participants will be randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to two groups: a control group receiving standard preoperative guidance, and an experimental group receiving standard guidance plus a VR-based ICU experience tour conducted 1\u2009day before surgery. The primary outcome measure is the incidence of anxiety within 24 hours before discharge from the ICU. Secondary outcome measures include the incidence of depression, cognitive impairment and delirium, duration of delirium, safety events and other clinical outcomes. Data collection points include baseline (T0), 24 hours before surgery (T1), during ICU stay (T2) and 30 days after discharge (T3). All data analyses will be performed using SPSS V.26.0 software and will follow the intention-to-treat principle. This study seeks to determine the effectiveness of a VR-based ICU experience tour in reducing perioperative psychological stress and improving postoperative clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University (Approval ID: (2024) NO.152-002). The initial approval was obtained on 4 July 2024, and remains valid through 4 July 2026. All participants will provide written informed consent before any data collection takes place. The research findings are intended to be disseminated through publication in peer-reviewed scientific journals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ChiCTR2400093170.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-102172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T21:55:15Z","timestamp":1773870915000},"page":"e102172","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of experiential preoperative instruction of virtual reality-based intensive care unit for neurosurgical patients: a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial in China"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Ji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital 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