{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T15:49:09Z","timestamp":1777650549719,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752105600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG","award":["442075332"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["442075332"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) serves as a first-line treatment for internalising disorders (ID), encompassing depressive, anxiety or obsessive-compulsive disorders. Nonetheless, a substantial proportion of patients do not experience sufficient symptom relief. Recent advances in wearable technology and smartphone integration enable new, ecologically valid approaches to capture dynamic processes in real time. By combining ecological momentary assessment (EMA) with passive sensing of behavioural and physiological information, this project seeks to track daily fluctuations in symptom-associated constructs like affect, emotion regulation (ER) and physical activity. Our central goal is to determine whether dynamic, multimodal markers derived from EMA and passive sensing can predict treatment non-response and illuminate key factors that drive or hinder therapeutic change.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>PREACT-digital is a subproject of the Research Unit FOR 5187 (PREACT), a large multicentre observational study in four outpatient clinics. PREACT channels state-of-the-art machine learning techniques identify predictors of non-response to CBT in ID. The study is currently running and will end in June 2026. Patients seeking CBT at one of four participating outpatient clinics are invited to join PREACT-digital. They can take part in (1) a short version with a 14-day EMA and passive sensing phase prior to therapy, or (2) a long version in which the short version\u2019s assessments are extended throughout the therapy. It is estimated that 468 patients take part in PREACT-digital, of which 350 opt for the long version of the study. Participants are provided with a smartwatch and a customised study app. We collect passive data on heart rate, physical activity, sleep and location patterns. EMA assessments cover affect, ER strategies, context and therapeutic agency. Primary outcomes on (non)-response are assessed after 20 therapy sessions and therapy end. We employ predictive and exploratory analyses. Predictive analyses focus on classification of non-response using basic algorithms (ie, logistic regression and gradient boosting) for straightforward interpretability and advanced methods (LSTM, DSEM) to capture complex temporal and hierarchical patterns. Exploratory analyses investigate mechanistic links, examine the interplay of variables over time and analyse change trajectories. Study findings will inform more personalised and ecologically valid approaches to CBT for ID.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The study has received ethical approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee of the Department of Psychology at Humboldt Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin (Approval No. 2021\u201301) and the Ethics Committee of Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin (Approval No. EA1\/186\/22). Written informed consent will be obtained from all participants prior to enrolment. Results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals and presentations at national and international conferences.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>DRKS00030915; OSF PREACT: <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/osf.io\/bcgax\">http:\/\/osf.io\/bcgax<\/jats:ext-link>; OSF PREACT-digital: <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/osf.io\/253nb\">https:\/\/osf.io\/253nb<\/jats:ext-link>.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-102392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T13:35:21Z","timestamp":1752154521000},"page":"e102392","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["PREACT-digital: study protocol for a longitudinal, observational multicentre study on digital phenotypes of non-response to cognitive behavioural therapy for internalising disorders"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9249-0881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leona","family":"Hammelrath","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychological Intervention, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"Brose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychological Intervention, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Heinrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Freie Universitat Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pavle","family":"Zagorscak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychological Intervention, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Burchert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical-Psychological Intervention, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin Fachbereich Erziehungswissenschaft und Psychologie, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6729-956X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Till","family":"Langhammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Knaevelsrud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychological Intervention and Psychotherapy, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025071006351612000_15.7.e102392.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-094110","article-title":"Design and methods of the research unit 5187 PREACT (towards precision psychotherapy for non-respondent patients: from signatures to predictions to clinical utility) - a study protocol for a multicentre observational study in outpatient clinics","volume":"15","author":"Langhammer","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2025071006351612000_15.7.e102392.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000473"},{"key":"2025071006351612000_15.7.e102392.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20943"},{"key":"2025071006351612000_15.7.e102392.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2215-0366(21)00395-3"},{"key":"2025071006351612000_15.7.e102392.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.21203"},{"key":"2025071006351612000_15.7.e102392.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0001387","article-title":"How to improve outcomes of psychological treatment of depression: Lessons from \u201cnext-level\u201d meta-analytic research","volume":"79","author":"Cuijpers","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"2025071006351612000_15.7.e102392.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2022.102193"},{"key":"2025071006351612000_15.7.e102392.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076211060659","article-title":"Predicting therapy outcome in a digital mental health intervention for depression and anxiety: A machine learning approach","volume":"7","author":"Hornstein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Digit Health"},{"key":"2025071006351612000_15.7.e102392.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291723003537","article-title":"Select or adjust? 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