{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T11:57:37Z","timestamp":1791374257389,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,16]],"date-time":"2025-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755302400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Foundation and Social Livelihood Science and Technology Planning (Guidance) Project of Nantong, Jiangsu, China","award":["MSZ2023219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MSZ2023219"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Health Commission Clinical Research Program","award":["202240280"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202240280"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFC2500202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2500202"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Kun\u2013Qi birth cohort (KQBC) was established to investigate the incidence, aetiology and risk factors of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in early childhood (0\u20136 years). Additionally, the study analysed developmental phenotypic trajectories and their associated paediatric diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Infants registered or residing in Kunshan and Qidong, Jiangsu Province, who participated in the Chinese Child Healthcare Programme (0\u20136 years) were enrolled. The baseline population was stratified into enhanced and basic cohorts. General characteristics, periconceptional and perinatal information and health check-up data were collected from each participant. Dual screening (urinary ultrasound and urine dipstick tests) was conducted during scheduled check-ups. Structured CKD questionnaires were administered, and biosamples (urine and dried blood spots) were obtained for the long-term storage and analysis using standard procedures. Based on the proposed referral procedure, participants with abnormal results were referred for further diagnosis and evaluation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings to date<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The KQBC enrolled 10\u2009127 infants (5392 boys and 4735 girls) with a mean age of 2.11\u00b11.68 months. Urinary system ultrasound and urine dipstick screening showed positivity rates of 8.9% (900\/10 083) and 6.5% (532\/8233), respectively. Baseline ultrasound screening facilitated timely surgical intervention in six children. Among the 7965 respondents, only 13% demonstrated awareness of paediatric CKD. Additionally, 7273 dried blood spots and 7990 urine specimens were collected and stored. A paediatric CKD screening platform was developed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Future plans<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>According to our plan, the KQBC will be followed up for 3\u20136 years to investigate the incidence, aetiology and risk factors of early onset CKD. In-depth developmental phenotypes, such as urinary multiomics and ultrasound imaging, should be studied for longitudinal paediatric kidney health. We aim to develop multimodal risk prediction models by integrating genomics and artificial intelligence algorithms. The KQBC also enables prospective cohort studies addressing extensive research questions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"clintrialgov\" xlink:href=\"NCT06018831\">NCT06018831<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-102702","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,17]],"date-time":"2025-08-17T07:30:31Z","timestamp":1755415831000},"page":"e102702","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Kun\u2013Qi birth cohort (KQBC) study for the incidence, aetiology and risk factors of chronic kidney disease in Chinese children: a cohort profile"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct06018831","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"given":"Yiwen","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Kidney Development and Paediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianyi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Kidney Development and Paediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaojiao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Kidney Development and Paediatric Kidney Disease Research Center, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan University at Kunshan, Kunshan Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health Hospital, Kunshan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juanjuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan University at Qidong, Qidong Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health Hospital, Qidong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingdong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of 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