{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:39:32Z","timestamp":1787017172638,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762128000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Systematic reviews (SRs) on the management of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) have predominantly focused on evaluating the effectiveness of various treatments, identifying those that provide the greatest benefits. However, the economic evaluation of these treatments has not been systematically explored. This SR aims to address this gap by evaluating the economic outcomes of the most common treatment modalities for TMDs, including cost-effectiveness, cost-utility, cost-benefit, cost-minimisation and the burden of illness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This SR will be conducted using the following electronic databases Business Source Complete, CINAHL, EconLit (ProQuest), Embase (Ovid), MEDLINE (PubMed), MEDLINE (Ovid) and Scopus to identify studies evaluating the economic outcomes of treatments for TMDs. The eligibility criteria are as follows: (1) studies examining the costs and\/or impact of treatments for TMDs and (2) articles published between 2000 and 2025. The primary outcomes of interest are the economic findings outlined earlier. Data extraction will include the following: author(s), year of publication, country, study objectives, study design, eligibility criteria, TMD diagnosis and screening, study groups, randomisation, blinding, sample size, number of participants invited, enrolled and completed, duration of treatment, follow-up, study duration, settings, assessment instruments, study outcomes, statistical analyses, results, limitations, strengths and funding sources. The quality of studies will be evaluated using the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards 2022 checklist, with risk of bias assessed using the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organization of Care\u2019s risk-of-bias tool; where applicable, the Outcome Reporting Bias in Trials will be used to detect reporting biases. A narrative synthesis and summary tables will outline study characteristics, economic outcomes and the overall quality of evidence. We will conduct qualitative secondary and sensitivity analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This SR does not require an ethics approval. The results will be disseminated through international and national conferences and peer-reviewed journals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>PROSPERO registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CRD42024613553.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-102748","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T13:45:53Z","timestamp":1762263953000},"page":"e102748","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Evaluating economic outcomes in the management of temporomandibular disorders: a protocol for a systematic review of randomised controlled trials"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Purnima","family":"Komarraju","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2344-0138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Berlant","family":"AlSabbagh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arto","family":"Ohinmaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Armijo-Olivo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Business and Social Science, University of Applied Sciences, Osnabr\u00fcck, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, Univerisity of Alberta, Alberta, Western Canada, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry and Medicine, University of Alberta, Alberta, Western Canada, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5659-2995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schulich Library of Physical Sciences, Life Sciences and Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schulich Library of Physical Sciences, Life Sciences and Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul W","family":"Major","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Goldberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6497-8646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayushi","family":"Naik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aya","family":"Abdelkarim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3125-1884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Miriam","family":"Velly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120413253928000_15.11.e102748.1","unstructured":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research . Facial pain. 2014. Available: http:\/\/www.nidcr.nih.gov\/DataStatistics\/FindDataByTopic\/FacialPain"},{"key":"2025120413253928000_15.11.e102748.2","unstructured":"Laskin D , Greenfield E , Gale E , et al . The President\u2019s Conference on the Examination, Diagnosis and Management of Temporomandibular Disorders. Chicago: American Dental Association, 1983."},{"key":"2025120413253928000_15.11.e102748.3","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences E, Medicine . Temporomandibular Disorders: Priorities for Research and Care. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2020."},{"key":"2025120413253928000_15.11.e102748.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10454411970080030401"},{"key":"2025120413253928000_15.11.e102748.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.755"},{"key":"2025120413253928000_15.11.e102748.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12462","article-title":"Dental pain in the medical emergency department: a cross-sectional study","volume":"44","author":"Currie","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Oral Rehabil"},{"key":"2025120413253928000_15.11.e102748.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(88)90066-8"},{"key":"2025120413253928000_15.11.e102748.8","first-page":"317","article-title":"Temporomandibular joint and muscle disorder-type pain in U.S. adults: the National Health Interview Survey","volume":"22","author":"Isong","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Orofac Pain"},{"key":"2025120413253928000_15.11.e102748.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034516648088"},{"key":"2025120413253928000_15.11.e102748.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2021.07.027"},{"key":"2025120413253928000_15.11.e102748.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2011.08.007"},{"key":"2025120413253928000_15.11.e102748.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.2009.02058.x","article-title":"Disability assessment in temporomandibular disorders and masticatory system rehabilitation*","volume":"37","author":"Ohrbach","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Oral Rehabil"},{"key":"2025120413253928000_15.11.e102748.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2005.06.009"},{"key":"2025120413253928000_15.11.e102748.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08869634.1997.11752121"},{"key":"2025120413253928000_15.11.e102748.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frick KD , Paul-Ledesma A . Commentary on the urgent need for comprehensive cost-effectiveness studies in temporomandibular disorders. J Calif Dent Assoc 2024;52. doi:10.1080\/19424396.2024.2432684","DOI":"10.1080\/19424396.2024.2432684"},{"key":"2025120413253928000_15.11.e102748.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3310\/hta24290"},{"key":"2025120413253928000_15.11.e102748.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e724","DOI":"10.4317\/jced.58084","article-title":"Photobiomodulation and myofascial temporomandibular disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis followed by cost-effectiveness analysis","volume":"13","author":"Sobral","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Dent"},{"key":"2025120413253928000_15.11.e102748.18","unstructured":"Chandler J , Cumpston M , Li T , et al . Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. 6.4 ed. Cochrane, 2023."},{"key":"2025120413253928000_15.11.e102748.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2021.10.008"},{"key":"2025120413253928000_15.11.e102748.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2021.11.1351"},{"key":"2025120413253928000_15.11.e102748.21","unstructured":"ISPOR . Consolidated health economic evaluation reporting standards (cheers) 2022 resources international society for pharmacoeconomics and outcomes research web page. Available: https:\/\/www.ispor.org\/heor-resources\/good-practices\/cheers#:~:text=CHEERS%202022%20is%20recognized%20by,Value%20in%20Health%20Regional%20Issues [Accessed 18 Jul 2024]."},{"key":"2025120413253928000_15.11.e102748.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zakiyah N , van Asselt ADI , Roijmans F , et al . Economic evaluation of family planning interventions in low and middle income countries; a systematic review. PLoS One 2016;11. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0168447","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168447"},{"key":"2025120413253928000_15.11.e102748.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Higgins JPT , Altman DG , G\u00f8tzsche PC , et al . The Cochrane Collaboration\u2019s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ 2011;343. doi:10.1136\/bmj.d5928","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d5928"},{"key":"2025120413253928000_15.11.e102748.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sterne JAC , Savovi\u0107 J , Page MJ , et al . RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ 2019;366. doi:10.1136\/bmj.l4898","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898"},{"key":"2025120413253928000_15.11.e102748.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirkham JJ , Altman DG , Chan A-W , et al . Outcome reporting bias in trials: a methodological approach for assessment and adjustment in systematic reviews. BMJ 2018;362. doi:10.1136\/bmj.k3802","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k3802"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-102748","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T21:26:26Z","timestamp":1764883586000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-102748"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-102748"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-102748","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}}}