{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T16:31:46Z","timestamp":1781109106484,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752537600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"\n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n This study aims to assess the level of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and its associated determinants among hypertensive patients in Jigjiga, Somali Region, Ethiopia using the WHO 10-year CVD risk score.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design<\/jats:title>\n An institution-based cross-sectional study design was employed.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Setting<\/jats:title>\n Hypertensive patients aged 40\u201374 years in two public hospitals in Jigjiga, Somali Region, Ethiopia, from 20 December 2023 to 20 February 2024.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Participants<\/jats:title>\n Randomly selected 344 hypertensive patients aged 40\u201374 years with a duration of 1 year or more from the time of diagnosis and at least having 6-month follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Primary outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n 10-year CVD risk level was assessed by using WHO 10-year CVD risk score. Risk levels were categorised as low (<10%) and high (\u226510%).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Secondary outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n Associated factors influencing CVD risk.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n The study included 341 hypertensive individuals, with a 99.1% response rate. Of the respondents, 58.9% were men. The overall prevalence of CVD risk within the coming 10 years was 134 (39.3%; 95%\u2009CI: 34.1% to 44.5%). Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified age, khat chewing, smoking and comorbid conditions as significant independent predictors of CVD risk. Specifically, individuals aged 60\u201369 years had an adjusted OR (AOR) of 3.97 (95% CI: 1.94 to 8.16) and those aged 70\u201374 years had an AOR of 2.99 (95% CI: 1.57 to 5.71). Khat chewers had an AOR of 2.58 (95% CI: 1.22 to 5.46), smokers an AOR of 3.44 (95% CI: 1.59 to 7.48) and individuals with comorbidities an AOR of 2.42 (95% CI: 1.47 to 3.99).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n There is a significant increase in 10-year CVD risk among hypertensive patients in the study area. Age, khat chewing, smoking and comorbidities were independent predictors. Regular CVD risk screening for older patients, focused health education to reduce khat and tobacco use and integrated management of comorbidities are essential to lower future cardiovascular risk.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-102928","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T09:10:55Z","timestamp":1752657055000},"page":"e102928","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Cardiovascular disease risk and its determinants among hypertensive patients in Eastern Ethiopia: an institution-based cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0240-7897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seid Yimam","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Institute of Health, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2226-1757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mekonin Meskelu","family":"Shegere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Institute of Health, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Adal Medical University, Borama, Somalia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdifatah","family":"Abdulahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Institute of Health, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed Abdikadir","family":"Hussein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Institute of Health, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulahi Hussen","family":"Abdinur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Institute of Health, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdurahman Aden","family":"Muhumed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Institute of Health, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zerihun Abera","family":"Ayele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Institute of Health, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6917-2917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dawit","family":"Abebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing and Midwifery, Institute of Health, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Somali, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8775-8348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seid Mohammed","family":"Abdu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Workineh Diriba","family":"Gemechu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Yekatit 12 Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025071602103010000_15.7.e102928.1","unstructured":"BHF . 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