{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T20:28:11Z","timestamp":1793046491661,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768953600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014013","name":"UK Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10063259"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10063259"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000289","name":"Cancer Research UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C16077\/A29186"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C16077\/A29186"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000289","name":"Cancer Research UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C18281\/A29019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C18281\/A29019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000289","name":"Cancer Research UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C8221\/A29017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C8221\/A29017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007602","name":"Programme Grants for Applied Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR203667"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR203667"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007602","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013373","name":"NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR203316"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR203316"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013373","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate associations between shift work patterns and sleep disturbance, and to assess if the association is modified by demographic factors, socioeconomic factors, anthropometric and lifestyle factors, health conditions or sleep traits.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Analysis of cross-sectional data obtained from the UK Biobank baseline assessment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>UK Biobank, a large-scale prospective cohort study which recruited half a million participants aged 40\u201369 years between 2006 and 2010 from across the UK.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 285\u2009175 employed or self-employed participants at baseline (2006\u20132010), including 148\u2009296 (52.0%) females and 136\u2009879 (48.0%) males. The sample comprised 94.0% White, 0.7% Mixed race, 0.36% East Asian, 2.0% South Asian, 1.8% Black and 0.89% from other ethnic backgrounds.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sleep disturbance was defined as the presence of both insomnia and excessive sleepiness symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 42\u2009181 (14.8%) participants had sleep disturbance defined based on insomnia and excessive sleepiness. 236\u2009200 (82.8%) were non-shift workers, while 48\u2009975 (17.2%) were shift workers, which included 24\u2009062 (49.1%) working day shifts only, 17\u2009940 (36.6%) working night shifts sometimes or usually, and 6973 (14.2%) working night shifts always. Compared with non-shift workers, all shift workers had higher multivariable-adjusted odds of sleep disturbance: (non-night shifts: OR in model 3 (OR) 1.21 (95% CI 1.16 to 1.27); sometimes\/usually night shifts: OR 1.37 (95% CI 1.30 to 1.44) and always night shifts: OR 1.50 (95% CI 1.38 to 1.63)). The association between shift work pattern and sleep disturbance was modified by age (p\n                      <jats:sub>interaction<\/jats:sub>\n                      &lt;0.0001), ethnicity (p\n                      <jats:sub>interaction<\/jats:sub>\n                      =0.0005) and smoking status (p\n                      <jats:sub>interaction<\/jats:sub>\n                      =0.04).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Shift work is associated with a higher odds of sleep disturbance compared with non-shift work in all participants, with greatest odds observed among those always working night shifts. The association was stronger among individuals who were younger than 55 years old, from an ethnic minority background and never smokers. Future large-scale longitudinal studies are needed to further investigate these associations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-102976","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T15:05:25Z","timestamp":1769007925000},"page":"e102976","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Associations between shift work patterns and sleep disturbance: an analysis of cross-sectional data from UK Biobank"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0765-0749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xianqi","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David W","family":"Ray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"},{"name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9581-5311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon D","family":"Kyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK"},{"name":"Sir Jules Thorn Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl","family":"Smith-Byrne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leah","family":"Holmes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK"},{"name":"Vocal, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annie","family":"Keane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK"},{"name":"Vocal, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahboubeh","family":"Parsaeian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth C","family":"Travis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0574-5071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Richmond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK"},{"name":"MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"},{"name":"Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012107051475000_16.1.e102976.1","unstructured":"Parent-Thirion A , Biletta I , Cabrita J , et al . Sixth European working conditions survey\u2013overview report (2017 update). Luxembourg Publications Office of the European Union; 2016."},{"key":"2026012107051475000_16.1.e102976.2","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics . The night-time economy, UK: 2022. 2023. Available: https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/businessindustryandtrade\/business\/activitysizeandlocation\/articles\/thenighttimeeconomyuk\/2022"},{"key":"2026012107051475000_16.1.e102976.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2016.12.007"},{"key":"2026012107051475000_16.1.e102976.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqg045"},{"key":"2026012107051475000_16.1.e102976.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.638252","article-title":"Prevalence of Shift Work Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"12","author":"Pallesen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"2026012107051475000_16.1.e102976.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patbio.2014.08.001"},{"key":"2026012107051475000_16.1.e102976.7","unstructured":"Trade Union Congress . Number of people working night shifts up by more than 150,000 in 5 years. 2018. Available: https:\/\/www.tuc.org.uk\/news\/number-people-working-night-shifts-more-150000-5-years [Accessed 26 Oct 2024]."},{"key":"2026012107051475000_16.1.e102976.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i5210","article-title":"Health consequences of shift work and insufficient sleep","volume":"355","author":"Kecklund","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026012107051475000_16.1.e102976.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyab144"},{"key":"2026012107051475000_16.1.e102976.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.28798","article-title":"Lifestyle Factors in the Association of Shift Work and Depression and Anxiety","volume":"6","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2026012107051475000_16.1.e102976.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-1933"},{"key":"2026012107051475000_16.1.e102976.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqae045","article-title":"Night shift work and myocardial infarction in the UK Biobank","volume":"74","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Occup Med (Lond)"},{"key":"2026012107051475000_16.1.e102976.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2020-215218"},{"key":"2026012107051475000_16.1.e102976.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maidstone R , Rutter MK , Marjot T , et al . Shift work and evening chronotype are associated with hepatic fat fraction and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in 282,303 UK biobank participants. Endocr Connect 2024;13. doi:10.1530\/EC-23-0472","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-23-0472"},{"key":"2026012107051475000_16.1.e102976.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2021.1896535","article-title":"Changes in work schedule affect the prevalence of shift work disorder among Norwegian nurses - a two year follow-up study","volume":"38","author":"Waage","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int"},{"key":"2026012107051475000_16.1.e102976.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785518","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.785518","article-title":"Predictors of Shift Work Sleep Disorder Among Nurses During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"2026012107051475000_16.1.e102976.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2019.11.1263","article-title":"Predictors of the initiation of shift work disorder among Chinese intern nurses: a prospective study","volume":"68","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"2026012107051475000_16.1.e102976.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2016-103898"},{"key":"2026012107051475000_16.1.e102976.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730412475042"},{"key":"2026012107051475000_16.1.e102976.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018395","article-title":"Shift work in nurses: contribution of phenotypes and genotypes to adaptation","volume":"6","author":"Gamble","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026012107051475000_16.1.e102976.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2016-103904"},{"key":"2026012107051475000_16.1.e102976.22","unstructured":"American Academy of Sleep Medicine . International classification of sleep disorders. 3rd edn. Darien, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 2014."},{"key":"2026012107051475000_16.1.e102976.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association D, American Psychiatric Association D . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. Washington, DC: American psychiatric association, 2013.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"2026012107051475000_16.1.e102976.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2015.10.004","article-title":"National Sleep Foundation\u2019s updated sleep duration recommendations: final report","volume":"1","author":"Hirshkowitz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep Health"},{"key":"2026012107051475000_16.1.e102976.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1233640","article-title":"Shift work is associated with extensively disordered sleep, especially when working nights","volume":"14","author":"Boersma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026012107051475000_16.1.e102976.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2016.1184678"},{"key":"2026012107051475000_16.1.e102976.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00877-7"},{"key":"2026012107051475000_16.1.e102976.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsz194","article-title":"Health consequences of circadian disruption","volume":"43","author":"Sletten","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"2026012107051475000_16.1.e102976.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07420520802106835"},{"key":"2026012107051475000_16.1.e102976.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09540261.2014.911149"},{"key":"2026012107051475000_16.1.e102976.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kervezee L , Gonzales-Aste F , Boudreau P , et al . The relationship between chronotype and sleep behavior during rotating shift work: a field study. Sleep 2021;44. doi:10.1093\/sleep\/zsaa225","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsaa225"},{"key":"2026012107051475000_16.1.e102976.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Degenfellner J , Strohmaier S , Zebrowska M , et al . Identifying Risk and Protective Factors for Shift Work Sleep Disorder: Insights from UK Biobank Night Shift Workers. Clocks Sleep 2025;7. doi:10.3390\/clockssleep7010014","DOI":"10.3390\/clockssleep7010014"},{"key":"2026012107051475000_16.1.e102976.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41606-018-0021-3","article-title":"Sleep and aging","volume":"2","author":"Lavoie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep Science Practice"},{"key":"2026012107051475000_16.1.e102976.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/34.4.509","article-title":"Socioeconomic status, occupational characteristics, and sleep duration in African\/Caribbean immigrants and US White health care workers","volume":"34","author":"Ertel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"2026012107051475000_16.1.e102976.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwt159"},{"key":"2026012107051475000_16.1.e102976.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2015.1107729"},{"key":"2026012107051475000_16.1.e102976.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2021.07.012","article-title":"Smoking and incidence of insomnia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"198","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Public Health (Fairfax)"},{"key":"2026012107051475000_16.1.e102976.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdx102","article-title":"Tobacco exposure and sleep disturbance in 498 208 UK Biobank participants","volume":"40","author":"Boakye","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Public Health (Bangkok)"},{"key":"2026012107051475000_16.1.e102976.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S104807"},{"key":"2026012107051475000_16.1.e102976.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001779","article-title":"UK biobank: an open access resource for identifying the causes of a wide range of complex diseases of middle and old age","volume":"12","author":"Sudlow","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2026012107051475000_16.1.e102976.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-018-06948-3"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-102976","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T15:05:31Z","timestamp":1769007931000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-102976"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-102976"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-102976","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}}}