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Non-randomised studies for early-stage NSCLC have reported mixed outcomes following curative SABR versus surgical resection, but did not fully address confounding by indication. The Surgery Or RadioTherapy for early-stage cancer study (SORT) will assess the comparative effectiveness of SABR with curative intent versus surgical resection for NSCLC with a target trial emulation approach, as this can reduce biases in observational studies that aim to estimate the causal effect of interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The SORT study will use the National Cancer Registry for individuals diagnosed with early-stage NSCLC in England during 2015\u20132020 (inclusive) who received SABR with curative intent or surgical resection. These data will be linked to Hospital Episode Statistics, National Radiotherapy Data Set and the Systemic Anti-Cancer Therapy dataset to obtain information on clinical and sociodemographic characteristics and the treatment received. This target trial emulation will define study population eligibility criteria and regimens for SABR with curative intent and surgical resection. We will reduce the risk of residual confounding with instrumental variable analyses that will exploit geographical variation across the National Health Service in England in the use of SABR with curative intent versus surgical resection for early-stage NSCLC. The primary outcome will be 3-year all-cause mortality after treatment initiation. Secondary outcomes will include 3-month, 6-month, 12-month and 24-month all-cause and lung-cancer mortality, time to death, numbers of hospitalisations, incremental costs and incremental cost-effectiveness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ethical approval was obtained from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Research Ethics Committee (reference number 29\u2009717\u20131). Results will be disseminated to clinicians, patients, policy-makers and researchers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-103038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T03:45:39Z","timestamp":1752464739000},"page":"e103038","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Surgery or radiotherapy for early-stage cancer study (SORT) target trial protocol: stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) with curative intent versus surgical resection for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Eva","family":"Kagenaar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David G.","family":"Lugo-Palacios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Hutchings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajay","family":"Aggarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"O\u2019Neill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5837-7773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernard","family":"Rachet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corinne","family":"Faivre-Finn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Oncology Department, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK"},{"name":"Division of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8899-1301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Grieve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121600270485000_15.7.e103038.1","unstructured":"Cancer Research UK . 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