{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T01:11:11Z","timestamp":1790730671200,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758844800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ICI23\/00099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ICI23\/00099"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100031566","name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria y Biom\u00e9dica de Alicante","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023\/B\/9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\/B\/9"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100031566","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The combination with corticosteroids as immunomodulators has been the subject of debate in different infectious syndromes. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy (the percentage of patients hospitalised with influenza with a status of 3 or higher according to the Hospital Recovery Scale (HRS) on day 7 after the start of treatment) and safety of dexamethasone.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Investigator-initiated multicentre, blinded, randomised placebo-controlled trial with two parallel treatment arms. The study population will consist of adult patients (over 18 years of age) hospitalised with severe influenza. One arm will receive one capsule of 6\u2009mg of dexamethasone for 7\u2009days, and the other arm will receive one capsule of placebo for 7\u2009days of antibiotic treatment for 7\u2009days or longer. Both groups will receive oseltamivir (75\u2009mg\/12 hours orally) for 5\u2009days, extendable to 10 days depending on the investigator decision. Randomisation will occur in equal proportion (1:1). Patients with bronchial hyper-responsiveness that requires systemic corticosteroids for more than 24 hours, preinclusion treatment with corticosteroids for more than 24 hours at a dose equal to or higher than 1\u2009mg\/kg methylprednisolone (0.2\u2009mg\/kg dexamethasone or 1.25\u2009mg\/kg prednisone), inability to administer oral oseltamivir, patients with severe comorbidity with a life expectancy of &lt;6\u2009months in the opinion of the investigator and patients coinfected with SARS-CoV-2 or respiratory syncytial virus are ineligible. The primary endpoint is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of dexamethasone by comparing the percentage of patients hospitalised with influenza with a status of 3 or higher according to the HRS on day 7 after the start of treatment. Secondary endpoints include the time, in days, between initiation of treatment and clinical stability, serious adverse effects, metabolic impact of dexamethasone, average hospital stay, need for intensive care unit admission, need for intubation or death and mortality at days 10 and 30 postrandomisations. No interim safety analysis will be performed after. The sample size was calculated based on an expected reduction in the proportion of patients requiring oxygen from 22% to 10%\u201312%. Assuming a 5% alpha error, 80% power and a 10% anticipated dropout rate, the estimated sample size was 243 patients per group. The analyses will be performed on both intention-to-treat and per-protocol populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study is approved by the Institutional Review Board of Alicante Health Department\u2014Dr. Balmis General University Hospital (LOC-100061146). The results of the main trial and each of the secondary endpoints will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"clintrialgov\" xlink:href=\"NCT06528444\">NCT06528444<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-103119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T09:02:26Z","timestamp":1758877346000},"page":"e103119","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Efficacy and safety of dexamethasone compared to placebo in patients with severe influenza infection. (FLUDEX study): a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial in Spain"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct06528444","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct06528444","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6501-9867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose-Manuel","family":"Ramos-RIncon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Dr. Balmis General University Hospital, Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain"},{"name":"Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Cebollada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Dr. Balmis General University Hospital, Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Livia","family":"Giner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Dr. Balmis General University Hospital, Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Paz Ventero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Service, Dr. Balmis General University Hospital, Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oscar","family":"Moreno-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Service, Dr. Balmis General University Hospital, Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, 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