{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T07:01:39Z","timestamp":1793948499333,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Northwestern University Robert J. Havey MD Institute for Global Health"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K24HL155897"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K24HL155897"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HL144708"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL144708"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100031950","name":"Resolve to Save Lives","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100031950","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007268","name":"Washington University in St. Louis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To optimise hypertension care cascade, the multilevel Hypertension Treatment in Nigeria (HTN) Program, adapted from the WHO HEARTS package, was implemented within 60 primary healthcare centres (PHCs) in the Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria, from January 2020 to December 2023.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted an explanatory sequential mixed-methods study, guided by the RE-AIM QuEST (Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance - Qualitative Evaluation for Systematic Translation) framework, to examine the factors influencing reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, acceptability and maintenance of the program. We conducted 13 focus group discussions in a subset of PHCs with patients (n=17), community health workers (n=35), pharmacy technicians (n=18) and PHC directors (n=5). Eighteen sites were purposively selected based on facility performance, targeting sites in the top and bottom 12% of blood pressure (BP) control at the end of the HTN Program. Qualitative data were coded, and subthemes were generated using directed content analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Program reach was facilitated by community education, peer influence and decentralisation of hypertension services. Patients perceived the program to be effective, citing successful BP control, fewer medication side effects and support for improving health behaviours. Adoption and fidelity were supported through training and supportive supervision strategies. Multiple outcomes, including reach, acceptability and maintenance, were facilitated by improved affordability of BP-lowering medication through a drug revolving fund scheme which led to minimal stockouts, although medication affordability remained a challenge for some patients. Health workers and directors identified needs for program sustainment, including maintaining their motivation and commitment, strengthening the medication supply chain and advocating for the inclusion of BP-lowering medications in the national health insurance scheme.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings provide an understanding of the implementation strategies and program components that led to effective implementation of a primary care-based hypertension control program in Nigeria. These insights can support sustainment and nationwide scaling up of the program and inform similar programs in other low-income and middle-income countries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-103121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T09:01:19Z","timestamp":1754038879000},"page":"e103121","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Implementation of a large-scale hypertension program in primary health centres in the Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria: an explanatory, sequential mixed-methods study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct04158154","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3881-9313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chisom","family":"Obiezu-Umeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nanna R","family":"Ripiye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Unit, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2295-908X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel L","family":"Shedul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA"},{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Unit, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ikechukwu A","family":"Orji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Unit, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abigail S","family":"Baldridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oluwabunmi","family":"Ogungbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blessing","family":"Akor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Unit, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chika","family":"Onwundinjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Unit, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Godiya","family":"Bwala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Unit, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3431-9653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erica L","family":"Jamro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosemary C B","family":"Okoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark D","family":"Huffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA"},{"name":"The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dike B","family":"Ojji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Unit, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria"},{"name":"University of Abuja, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Namratha R","family":"Kandula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4355-7437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa R","family":"Hirschhorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, 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