{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T07:15:24Z","timestamp":1769066124110,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768953600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/igo\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007561","name":"Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SANTE\/2022\/SI2.883729"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SANTE\/2022\/SI2.883729"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007561","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"\n Introduction<\/jats:title>\n Alcohol is causally related to more than 200 diseases and injuries. Alcohol health warning labels are a promising intervention to address alcohol-related harm with multiple possible roles, but research on its real-world impacts is lacking. This study aims to experimentally evaluate the impact of exposure to two types of content (responsibility and cancer message) and positioning of the message (front or back) on knowledge of alcohol causing cancer as the primary outcome and alcohol consumption behaviour, intentions, risk perception, emotional response, product appeal and policy support as secondary outcomes. The study also aims to assess the potential testing effect of pre-measurement on the primary outcome.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n Participants (of the legal drinking age in Spain (18 years or older), purchased at least one alcoholic beverage (with alcohol by volume (ABV) \u2265 1.2% for their own consumption and speaking Catalan or Spanish) will be recruited outside of supermarkets in Barcelona after purchasing alcohol, randomly assigned into one of the eight experimental groups, complete a baseline questionnaire (with half of the sample answering baseline questions measuring knowledge) and receive label stickers displaying either responsibility or cancer message, and applied to either front or back of every alcohol container they have purchased. They will complete follow-up surveys measuring the primary and secondary outcomes 1\u2009week and 1\u2009month after the intervention, either online or via telephone. The key hypotheses are that the label containing a cancer message will have a greater impact on the primary and secondary outcomes compared with the responsibility label. To evaluate the impact of health warning labels on knowledge of alcohol causing cancer, logistic regression will be employed to model the probability of a correct response as a function of the key independent variables, with results reported as ORs. Secondary outcomes will be modelled through linear regressions for continuous variables, and through logistic regressions for dichotomic variables or categorical variables that will be dichotomised a priori. The target sample size is 1300 participants.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n The study has been approved by the Ethical Committee for Research with Medicines (CEIm) IDIAP Jordi Gol (24\/228-P) and the Ethical Research Committee of the WHO (ERC.0004213). The results will be disseminated in peer-reviewed journals, on social media and policy fora in national, European and global context, and will inform WHO and European Union-level policy recommendations.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Funding<\/jats:title>\n European Commission, Directorate General for Health and Food Safety, SANTE\/2022\/SI2.883729.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n \n NCT06915298<\/jats:ext-link>\n .\n https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06915298<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-103464","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T15:05:19Z","timestamp":1769007919000},"page":"e103464","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impacts of alcohol health warning labels in a real-world setting: protocol for a randomised controlled trial among supermarket customers in Barcelona"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"16","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct06915298","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7260-8064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Da\u0161a","family":"Kokole","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark"},{"name":"Maastricht University Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht, LI, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Neufeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Rehm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"University of Toronto Department of Psychiatry, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"University of Toronto Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hamburg, HH, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carina","family":"Ferreira-Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Hobin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"University of Victoria Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pol","family":"Rovira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lidia","family":"Segura Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joan","family":"Colom Farran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012107051068000_16.1.e103464.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13757"},{"key":"2026012107051068000_16.1.e103464.2","unstructured":"World Health Organization . 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