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Trends over time were also assessed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Age-adjusted non-fatal overdose incidence rates among males with and without HIV were 36.4 and 3.12 per 1000 PY, respectively (incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 11.7, 95% CI 10.9 to 12.5). For females with and without HIV, the age-adjusted incidence rates were 61.4 and 2.33 per 1000 PY, respectively (IRR=26.3, 95%\u2009CI 24.0 to 28.7). Between 2013 and 2019 (calendar years with full-year data), the age-adjusted non-fatal overdose rate increased significantly among males and females without HIV but not among PWH.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We observed a significantly higher non-fatal overdose rate among PWH compared to people without HIV. The rate was highest among females with HIV. These findings underline the need for policies and programmes oriented towards PWH to mitigate overdoses, especially for females.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-103778","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T07:50:24Z","timestamp":1764057024000},"page":"e103778","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Incidence and trends of non-fatal overdoses among people with and without HIV: a population-based cohort study in British Columbia, Canada (2012\u20132020)"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9530-5728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine W","family":"Kooij","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada"},{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV\/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Marziali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Budu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV\/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7815-0725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason","family":"Trigg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV\/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV\/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV\/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taylor","family":"McLinden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott D","family":"Emerson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV\/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Salters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV\/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia S","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julio","family":"Montaner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV\/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert S","family":"Hogg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada"},{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV\/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025112423501474000_15.11.e103778.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/yco.0000000000000712"},{"key":"2025112423501474000_15.11.e103778.2","unstructured":"Canada PHA of . 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