{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T02:00:22Z","timestamp":1791165622045,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761004800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006378","name":"Universitas Indonesia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PENG-001\/UN2.RST\/PPM.00.00\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PENG-001\/UN2.RST\/PPM.00.00\/2023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006378","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005039","name":"Leiden University Medical Center","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["91\/AOI\/FK\/UI\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["91\/AOI\/FK\/UI\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005039","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine chronic kidney disease (CKD) prevalence, incidence, prognosis, kidney function decline and associated risk factors among people with diabetes and\/or hypertension.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cross-sectional multicentre study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>14 primary care centres across Jakarta.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adults (\u226518 years) with diabetes and\/or hypertension were included. Exclusion criteria were receiving kidney replacement therapy, language barrier, cognitive impairments, refusal to consent and pregnancy. Participants were grouped into three categories: hypertension only, diabetes only and both.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interventions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>None.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Primary and secondary outcomes<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Primary outcomes included CKD prevalence, incidence, number-needed-to-screen, KDIGO-based prognosis and annual kidney function decline. Secondary outcomes were risk factors for CKD, uncontrolled blood glucose, blood pressure and albuminuria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 1263 participants were enrolled: 51% had hypertension, 17.6% diabetes and 31.4% both. Mean age: 57.1\u00b110.2 years, 72.2% female and 76% obese. Renin angiotensin aldosterone system inhibitors were prescribed in 32.3%, and only 1.2% used insulin despite a median glycated haemoglobin of 7.5% (IQR: 6.5\u20139.1). CKD prevalence was 14.8%, with an incidence rate of 9.1 per 100 person-years; number-needed-to-screen was 7. Based on KDIGO criteria, 48.9% were at moderate-to-very high risk of adverse outcomes. Baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate was 80.9 (SE=10.1), declining by 4.7 (SE=9.9) mL\/min\/1.73 m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      annually. CKD incidence was higher with albuminuria (OR 3.6, p=0.007) in the combined group; older age (OR 4.5, p&lt;0.001), male (OR 2.3, p=0.026) and haematuria (OR 2.5, p=0.034) in the hypertension group and cardiovascular disease (OR 14.9, p=0.004) in the diabetes group.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CKD burden is high among people with diabetes and hypertension. Nearly half were at elevated risk despite preserved kidney function, highlighting the need for targeted early screening.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-103779","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T07:01:18Z","timestamp":1761116478000},"page":"e103779","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Prevalence, incidence and risk factors of chronic kidney disease in people with diabetes and hypertension, and the prognosis and kidney function decline in Indonesia: a multicentre cross-sectional study in primary care centres"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7748-550X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ni Made","family":"Hustrini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Indonesia 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