{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T04:14:34Z","timestamp":1793765674361,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764115200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008867","name":"Department of Education of Zhejiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["701100G00821"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["701100G00821"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008867","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004863","name":"Zhejiang Chinese Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["702219A00625"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["702219A00625"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004863","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sense organ diseases (SODs) are among the leading causes of disability worldwide. They severely impact communication, mobility and quality of life, with rising prevalence and widening inequalities across populations. This study aims to provide an updated, comprehensive assessment of the global, regional and national burden and trends of SODs, and to inform strategies for prevention, treatment and health policy development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is a population-based observational study using secondary data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 study. SODs, defined in the GBD framework as age-related and other hearing loss (AHL), blindness and vision loss (BVL), and other sensory impairments, were analysed in terms of prevalence and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). We focused on SODs overall and conducted specific analyses for AHL and BVL, stratified by age, sex and sociodemographic index (SDI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Global dataset covering 204 countries and territories across all regions and sociodemographic strata from 1990 to 2021.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study covered the global population represented in the GBD 2021 dataset, using aggregated population-level estimates with no direct individual recruitment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interventions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Not applicable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Primary and secondary outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Primary outcomes were prevalence (cases and age-standardised prevalence rates) and DALYs (number and age-standardised DALY rates). Secondary outcomes included age\u2013period\u2013cohort effects, decomposition of contributors (population growth, ageing and epidemiological change), inequality metrics and burden projections to 2030.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Between 1990 and 2021, the global age-standardised rate (ASR) of DALYs for SODs increased from 884.07 to 912.8 per 100 000 population. The ASR of prevalence rose from 25 297.36 to 28 050.29 per 100 000. The disease burden increased across all age groups, with females experiencing a higher prevalence of SODs, and population growth and ageing as the leading contributors. AHL emerged as the predominant category of SODs. Socioeconomic disparities widened, with the slope index of inequality for DALYs rising from 128.82 in 1990 to 418.62 in 2021. In 2021, China reported the highest DALYs and case numbers. Predictive analysis showed a stable ASR of DALYs and prevalence, but a continued rise in cases through 2030, with COVID-19 further exacerbating the burden.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The global burden of SODs continues to rise, driven primarily by population ageing and growth, with widening disparities across sociodemographic levels. These findings emphasise the need for targeted prevention strategies, improved early detection and equitable access to sensory healthcare services. Monitoring the long-term impact of COVID-19 and demographic shifts remains a priority.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Not applicable. This study is a secondary analysis of GBD data and is not linked to a clinical trial.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-104038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T03:45:19Z","timestamp":1764301519000},"page":"e104038","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Global, regional and national burden and trends of sense organ diseases from 1990 to 2021: based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Miao","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tongle","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0484-1611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziying","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingquan","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengshan","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiamin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hendsun","family":"Hendsun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Education College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaqin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Kan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rucheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weijun","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9419-8254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"An","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025112719453049000_15.11.e104038.1","unstructured":"ICD-10 Version:2019, Available: https:\/\/icd.who.int\/browse10\/2019\/en#\/Z86.6"},{"key":"2025112719453049000_15.11.e104038.2","unstructured":"ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics, Available: https:\/\/icd.who.int\/browse\/2024-01\/mms\/en#947415655"},{"key":"2025112719453049000_15.11.e104038.3","unstructured":"GHDx . 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